Ionizing Radiation in Interventional Cardiology and Electrophysiology.

Fluoroscopy-guided procedures constitute a major part in the practice of cardiology. These procedures are also a source of human-made ionizing radiation. Although the benefits of performing the procedure surpass the radiogenic risks in most cases, the risks are not negligible. Exposure to ionizing radiation may lead to tissue injuries and potential increase in risk of cancer. Both patients and operating physicians are exposed to these risks in variable degrees. The institution of radiation safety practices alone significantly reduces radiation exposure. Beyond the interventional laboratory, increasing physicians' awareness to health-related risks of ionizing radiation is crucial in reducing unnecessary testing and increases receptiveness to patient risks. Incorporating the radiogenic risks of a future procedure in patient-informed consent also increases patients' awareness to potential consequences. Innovation in imaging technology resulted in a plethora of alternate modalities. Electroanatomical mapping, magnetic navigation systems, robotic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-assisted techniques are examples of clinically used modalities that limit the exposure of patients and operating physicians to radiation. Documentation of patients' exposure in their medical records is essential. Tracking of patients' cumulative exposure can be implemented at an institutional level. Identifying patients with the highest exposure would help shed light on a blind spot in our current practice, as the implications are unclear.