Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India.
Curr Mol Med. 2019;19(4):237-246. doi: 10.2174/1566524019666190405120441.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a species specific double-stranded DNA virus infecting human cutaneous or mucosal tissues. The genome structure of HPV is extremely polymorphic hence making it difficult to discriminate between them. HPV exhibits numerous dissimilar types that can be subdivided into high-risk (HR), probably high-risk and low-risk (LR), causing numerous types of cancers and warts around the genital organs in humans. Several screening methods are performed in order to detect cytological abnormalities and presence or absence of HPV genome. Currently available commercial kits and methods are designed to detect only a few HR/LR-HPV types, which are expensive adding to the economic burden of the affected individual and are not freely available. These gaps could be minimized through Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) method, which is a gold standard and a cost-effective technique for the detection of most HPV (both known and unknown) types by using specific consensus primers in minimal lab setup. In this context, numerous studies have validated the effectiveness of different sets of consensus primers in the screening of HPVs. Numerous consensus primers, such as E6, E6/E7, GP-E6/E7, MY09/11, GP5+/GP6+, SPF10, and PGMY09/11 have been developed to detect the presence of HPV DNA. In addition, HPV detection sensitivity could be achieved through consensus primer sets targeting specific ORF regions like L1 and E6, which may finally assist in better diagnosis of several unknown HR-HPVs. The present review, provides a summary of the available methods, kits and consensus primer sets for HPV genome based detection, their advantages and limitations along with future goals to be set for HPV detection.
人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）是一种特定于物种的双链 DNA 病毒，感染人类皮肤或黏膜组织。HPV 的基因组结构极其多态，因此很难对其进行区分。HPV 表现出许多不同的类型，可以分为高危型（HR）、可能高危型和低危型（LR），导致人类生殖器官周围出现多种癌症和疣。为了检测细胞学异常和 HPV 基因组的存在或缺失，进行了多种筛查方法。目前可用的商业试剂盒和方法旨在检测少数 HR/LR-HPV 类型，这些试剂盒和方法不仅昂贵，增加了受影响个体的经济负担，而且无法自由获得。这些差距可以通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）方法来最小化，PCR 方法是一种黄金标准，也是一种经济有效的技术，可通过在最小的实验室设置中使用特定的共识引物来检测大多数 HPV（已知和未知）类型。在这种情况下，许多研究已经验证了不同套共识引物在 HPV 筛查中的有效性。已经开发了许多共识引物，如 E6、E6/E7、GP-E6/E7、MY09/11、GP5+/GP6+、SPF10 和 PGMY09/11，用于检测 HPV DNA 的存在。此外，通过针对 L1 和 E6 等特定 ORF 区域的共识引物集，可以实现 HPV 检测的敏感性，这最终可能有助于更好地诊断几种未知的 HR-HPV。本综述提供了基于 HPV 基因组检测的现有方法、试剂盒和共识引物集的摘要，以及它们的优点和局限性，以及未来 HPV 检测的目标。
