Yang Xue, Feng Kuishuang, Su Bin, Zhang Wenzhong, Huang Stella
Centre for Maritime Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Energy Studies Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Jul 1;672:150-161. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.450. Epub 2019 Mar 31.
Embodied emissions in trade have been widely studied; however, there is still a lack of studies that explore whether a country is benefitting from its inter-regional trade in terms of pollutant emissions. This study took sulfur dioxide (SO) emissions as an example and employed modified input-output (MIO) model and traditional input-output (IO) model to quantify emissions under no-trade and trade conditions, and further investigated environmental efficiency and equality of inter-regional trade in China in 2010. The results show that inter-regional trade had increased emissions by 28% compared to no-trade emissions, which confirms the environmental inefficiency of inter-regional trade in China. This was largely because regions with better technology and low emission intensities tended to outsource the production of pollution-intensive but low value-added goods to regions with high emission intensities through inter-regional trade. The exchanges of pollution-intensive products in inter-regional trade have led to notable environmental inequities. Eastern regions usually gained the greatest environmental benefits from trade, while central regions (especially Shanxi, Henan, and Hebei) suffered the largest environmental loss induced by trade. Specifically, Guangdong plundered other regions the most (796 G gram (Gg)), while Shanxi was plundered the most by other regions (790 Gg). Polices to differentiate reduction criteria for emission intensity in different regions and adjust trade patterns within China could be recommended in order to achieve trade-related environmental efficiency as well as environmental equality.
贸易中的隐含排放已得到广泛研究；然而，仍缺乏探讨一个国家在污染物排放方面是否从其区域间贸易中受益的研究。本研究以二氧化硫（SO）排放为例，采用修正投入产出（MIO）模型和传统投入产出（IO）模型来量化无贸易和贸易条件下的排放，并进一步考察了2010年中国区域间贸易的环境效率与公平性。结果表明，与无贸易排放相比，区域间贸易使排放量增加了28%，这证实了中国区域间贸易存在环境无效率。这主要是因为技术较好且排放强度较低的地区倾向于通过区域间贸易将污染密集型但附加值低的产品生产外包给排放强度高的地区。区域间贸易中污染密集型产品的交换导致了显著的环境不公平。东部地区通常从贸易中获得最大的环境效益，而中部地区（特别是山西、河南和河北）遭受贸易导致的最大环境损失。具体而言，广东对其他地区的掠夺最多（796千兆克（Gg）），而山西被其他地区掠夺的最多（790 Gg）。为实现与贸易相关的环境效率以及环境公平，建议采取区分不同地区排放强度减排标准以及调整中国国内贸易模式的政策。
