Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, UTP University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28 St., 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28 St., 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
Poult Sci. 2019 Sep 1;98(9):3626-3636. doi: 10.3382/ps/pez180.
The aim of this research was to study the factors affecting hatchability, percentage of egg weight loss during incubation, early embryonic mortality, and chick mortality in the first seven days of life in the field. This study was performed on 20,817,600 hatching eggs originating from 7 different breeder flocks. The factors responsible for variability of investigated traits were the following: genotype (ROSS 308, ROSS PM3), hen age (25 to 30, 31 to 45, 46 to 50, and 51 to 60 wk), egg storage time (0 to 13 d), and setter and hatcher type (Digital, Airstreamer, Vision, Focus, Biostreamer), which were determined using the classification tree technique. Statistical calculations were performed using R software, version 3.4.3. Moreover, 2-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan's multiple comparison test was performed. The breeder flock age and egg storage time were the most important factors responsible for variability in the percentage of fertile hatchability; however, setter and hatcher type also affected the level of this trait. The highest hatchability was observed for eggs laid by hens aged 31 to 50 wk and stored up to 6 d. Genotype was the most important determinant of the percentage of egg weight loss and that Ross 308 eggs lose less weight when compared to Ross PM3 ones. Egg storage time was the most important factor, which affected early embryonic mortality. The present study has shown that the 2 main factors, i.e., breeder flock age and egg storage time, that affected hatchability have also influenced chick mortality. Moreover, it was found that both hatcher and setter type affected chick mortality in the first 7 d of life. The importance of this research lies in the fact that besides showing the most important factors affecting hatching process, we were also able to suggest how to adjust the management decisions at commercial hatcheries in order to increase production results in different egg sets, which vary in respect of breeder flock age, egg storage time, setter, and hatcher type and genotype.
本研究旨在研究孵化率、孵化过程中蛋重损失百分比、早期胚胎死亡率和雏鸡生命前 7 天死亡率等因素，以确定这些因素对孵化过程的影响。本研究对来自 7 个不同种鸡群的 20,817,600 枚种蛋进行了研究。导致所研究特征变异的因素如下：基因型（ROSS 308、ROSS PM3）、母鸡年龄（25-30、31-45、46-50、51-60 周）、种蛋储存时间（0-13d）和孵化器类型（Digital、Airstreamer、Vision、Focus、Biostreamer）。使用分类树技术确定了这些因素。使用 R 软件，版本 3.4.3 进行了统计计算。此外，还进行了双因素方差分析，随后进行了 Duncan 多重比较检验。种鸡群年龄和种蛋储存时间是影响种蛋受精孵化率的最重要因素；然而，孵化器类型也影响了这一特征的水平。种鸡年龄为 31-50 周、储存时间不超过 6d 的种蛋孵化率最高。基因型是影响蛋重损失百分比的最重要决定因素，与 Ross PM3 相比，Ross 308 种蛋的重量损失更小。种蛋储存时间是影响早期胚胎死亡率的最重要因素。本研究表明，影响孵化率的 2 个主要因素，即种鸡群年龄和种蛋储存时间，也影响了雏鸡死亡率。此外，研究还发现，孵化器和出雏器类型都影响了雏鸡生命前 7 天的死亡率。本研究的重要性在于，除了显示影响孵化过程的最重要因素外，我们还能够建议如何调整商业孵化场的管理决策，以提高不同蛋组的生产结果，这些蛋组在种鸡群年龄、种蛋储存时间、孵化器和出雏器类型和基因型方面存在差异。
