GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel , Wischhofstraße 1-3 , 24148 Kiel , Germany.
Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde , Seestraße 15 , 18119 Rostock , Germany.
Environ Sci Technol. 2019 May 21;53(10):5652-5660. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06974. Epub 2019 May 6.
Underwater munitions containing millions of tons of toxic explosives are present worldwide in coastal marine waters as a result of unexploded ordnance and intentional dumping. The dissolution flux of solid explosives following corrosion of metal munition housings controls the exposure of biological receptors to toxic munition compounds (MC), including TNT: 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, RDX: 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane, and DNB: 1,3-dinitrobenzene. Very little is known about the dissolution behavior of MC in the marine environment. In this work, we exploit a unique marine study site in the Baltic Sea with exposed solid explosives to quantify in situ MC dissolution fluxes using dissolved MC gradients near the exposed explosive surface, as well as benthic chamber incubations. The gradient method gave dissolution fluxes that ranged between 0.001 and 3.2, between 0.0001 and 0.04, and between 0.003 and 1.7 mg cm day for TNT, RDX, and DNB, respectively. Benthic chamber incubations indicated dissolution fluxes of 0.0047-0.277, 0-0.11, and 0.00047-1.45 mg cm day for TNT, RDX, and DNB, respectively. In situ dissolution fluxes estimated in the current study were lower than most dissolution rates reported for laboratory experiments, but they clearly demonstrated that MC are released from underwater munitions to the water column in the Baltic Sea.
由于未爆炸弹药和故意倾倒，全球沿海海域都存在数百万吨含有有毒爆炸物的水下弹药。金属弹药外壳腐蚀后，固体爆炸物的溶解通量控制着生物受体接触有毒弹药化合物（MC）的程度，包括 TNT：2,4,6-三硝基甲苯、RDX：1,3,5-三硝基-1,3,5-三嗪烷和 DNB：1,3-二硝基苯。人们对 MC 在海洋环境中的溶解行为知之甚少。在这项工作中，我们利用波罗的海的一个独特的海洋研究地点，该地点有暴露的固体爆炸物，使用暴露爆炸物表面附近的溶解 MC 浓度梯度以及海底室孵育法来定量测量现场 MC 溶解通量。梯度法给出的溶解通量范围分别为 TNT、RDX 和 DNB 的 0.001 至 3.2、0.0001 至 0.04 和 0.003 至 1.7 mg cm day。海底室孵育法表明 TNT、RDX 和 DNB 的溶解通量分别为 0.0047-0.277、0-0.11 和 0.00047-1.45 mg cm day。本研究中估计的现场溶解通量低于实验室实验报告的大多数溶解速率，但它们清楚地表明 MC 从水下弹药释放到波罗的海的水柱中。
