University of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
Hum Factors. 2019 Dec;61(8):1205-1246. doi: 10.1177/0018720819839817. Epub 2019 Apr 19.
In this review, we detail the impact of environmental stress on cognitive and military task performance and highlight any individual characteristics or interventions which may mitigate any negative effect.
Military personnel are often deployed in regions markedly different from their own, experiencing hot days, cold nights, and trips both above and below sea level. In spite of these stressors, high-level cognitive and operational performance must be maintained.
A systematic review of the electronic databases Medline (PubMed), EMBASE (Scopus), PsycINFO, and Web of Science was conducted from inception up to September 2018. Eligibility criteria included a healthy human cohort, an outcome of cognition or military task performance and assessment of an environmental condition.
The search returned 113,850 records, of which 124 were included in the systematic review. Thirty-one studies examined the impact of heat stress on cognition; 20 of cold stress; 59 of altitude exposure; and 18 of being below sea level.
The severity and duration of exposure to the environmental stressor affects the degree to which cognitive performance can be impaired, as does the complexity of the cognitive task and the skill or familiarity of the individual performing the task.
Strategies to improve cognitive performance in extreme environmental conditions should focus on reducing the magnitude of the physiological and perceptual disturbance caused by the stressor. Strategies may include acclimatization and habituation, being well skilled on the task, and reducing sensations of thermal stress with approaches such as head and neck cooling.
在这篇综述中，我们详细介绍了环境应激对认知和军事任务表现的影响，并强调了任何可能减轻任何负面影响的个体特征或干预措施。
军人经常被部署在与自己明显不同的地区，经历炎热的白天、寒冷的夜晚以及海拔高低的旅行。尽管存在这些压力源，但必须保持高水平的认知和操作表现。
对电子数据库 Medline（PubMed）、EMBASE（Scopus）、PsycINFO 和 Web of Science 进行了系统的文献检索，检索时间截至 2018 年 9 月。纳入标准包括健康的人类队列、认知或军事任务表现的结果以及对环境条件的评估。
搜索返回了 113850 条记录，其中 124 条被纳入系统综述。31 项研究考察了热应激对认知的影响；20 项研究考察了冷应激的影响；59 项研究考察了海拔暴露的影响；18 项研究考察了海平面以下的影响。
暴露于环境应激源的严重程度和持续时间会影响认知表现受损的程度，认知任务的复杂性以及执行任务的个体的技能或熟悉程度也是如此。
在极端环境条件下提高认知表现的策略应侧重于减少应激源引起的生理和感知干扰的程度。策略可能包括适应和习惯化、熟练掌握任务以及通过头部和颈部冷却等方法减少热应激的感觉。
