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室内空气中选定化学物质的浓度:来自挪威家庭和学校的研究。

Concentrations of selected chemicals in indoor air from Norwegian homes and schools.

机构信息

Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway.

Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway.

出版信息

Sci Total Environ. 2019 Jul 15;674:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.086. Epub 2019 Apr 9.

Abstract

Both building materials and consumer products have been identified as possible sources for potentially hazardous substances like phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organophosphorous flame retardants (OPFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in indoor air. Thus, indoor air has been suggested to contribute significantly to human exposure to these chemicals. There is lack of data on the occurrence of several of the aforementioned chemicals in indoor air. Therefore, indoor air (gas and particulate phase) was collected from 48 households and 6 classrooms in two counties in Norway. In both the households and schools, median levels of low molecular weight phthalates (785 ng/m), OPFRs (55 ng/m) and SCCPs (128 ng/m) were up to 1000 times higher than the levels of PCBs (829 pg/m) and PBDEs (167 pg/m). Median concentrations of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) and SCCPs were 3-6 times higher in households compared to schools. The levels of OPFRs, PCBs and PBDEs were similar in households and schools. In univariate analysis, the indoor concentrations of different environmental chemicals were significantly affected by location of households (OPFRs), airing of living room (some PCBs and PBDEs), presence of upholstered chair/couch (OPFRs), pet animal hold (some PBDEs) and presence of electrical heaters (selected PCBs and PBDEs). Significant correlations were also detected for the total size of households with OPFRs, frequency of vacuuming the living room with selected PCBs and PBDEs, frequency of washing the living room with selected PCBs and the total number of TVs in the households with selected phthalates and SCCPs. Finally, intake estimates indicated that indoor air contributed more or equally to low molecular weight phthalates and SCCPs exposure compared to food consumption, whereas the contribution from indoor air was smaller than the dietary intake for the other groups of chemicals.

摘要

建筑材料和消费品已被确定为室内空气中某些有害物质(如邻苯二甲酸酯、多氯联苯 (PCBs)、有机磷阻燃剂 (OPFRs)、多溴联苯醚 (PBDEs) 和短链氯化石蜡 (SCCPs))的可能来源。因此,室内空气被认为是人类接触这些化学物质的重要来源。目前缺乏室内空气中几种上述化学物质的发生数据。因此,从挪威两个县的 48 户家庭和 6 间教室中采集了室内空气(气体和颗粒物相)。在家庭和学校中,低分子量邻苯二甲酸酯 (785ng/m)、OPFRs (55ng/m) 和 SCCPs (128ng/m) 的中值水平高达 PCB(829pg/m)和 PBDEs(167pg/m)的 1000 倍。与学校相比,家庭中二甲基邻苯二甲酸酯 (DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯 (DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯 (DiBP) 和 SCCPs 的中值浓度高 3-6 倍。在单变量分析中,不同环境化学物质的室内浓度受家庭位置(OPFRs)、客厅通风(某些 PCB 和 PBDEs)、有软垫椅子/沙发(OPFRs)、宠物饲养(某些 PBDEs)和电暖器存在(某些 PCB 和 PBDEs)的显著影响。还检测到了家庭规模总和与 OPFRs、客厅吸尘频率与选定 PCB 和 PBDEs、客厅清洗频率与选定 PCB 之间以及家庭中电视机总数与选定邻苯二甲酸酯和 SCCPs 之间的显著相关性。最后,摄入估计表明,与食物消费相比,室内空气对低分子量邻苯二甲酸酯和 SCCPs 暴露的贡献更大或相等,而与饮食摄入相比,室内空气对其他化学物质的贡献较小。

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