Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Belgium.
Indoor Air. 2012 Jun;22(3):200-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00757.x. Epub 2011 Dec 19.
Ingestion of indoor dust has been acknowledged as an important route of exposure to organic contaminants (OCs). We investigated the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in indoor floor dust from rural homes (N=31) and mosques (N=12) in Gujrat, Pakistan. Low concentrations were observed for most contaminants. OPFRs were the principle contaminants, with tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP) and tri-phenyl-phosphate (TPP) having medians of 66 and 109 ng/g, respectively. PBDEs were only minor constituents in the investigated samples, with BDE 209 (median 40 ng/g) being the most important congener. Levels and profile of ∑PBDEs, ∑NBFRs, ∑HCHs, ∑DDTs, and ∑PCBs revealed no difference (P<0.05) between samples of dust from homes and mosques, indicating similar emission sources. Exposure scenarios using 5th percentile, median, mean, and 95th percentile levels were estimated for both adult and toddlers. Typical high-end, using median levels and high dust ingestion, exposure for adults were 0.02, 0.02, 0.03, <0.01, and 0.65 ng/kg bw/day and for toddlers 0.39, 0.45, 0.69, 0.01, and 15.2 ng/kg bw/day for ∑PBDEs, ∑NBFRs, ∑OCPs, ∑PCBs, and ∑OPFRs, respectively. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to document the presence of indoor OCs in Pakistani dust.
This is the first report on the analysis of various contaminants in indoor dust from Pakistan. Some of these chemicals are currently being used in different consumer products. The study will help to further an understanding of the levels of different organic contaminants (OCs) in Pakistani indoor environments and will enlighten the generally ignored area of environmental pollution in Pakistan. Furthermore, studies based on animal models have shown that some of the analyzed chemicals can cause different types of chronic toxicities. However, our results showed that the levels of estimated exposure via dust ingestion for all chemicals were several orders of magnitude lower than their reference dose (RfD) values or than those reported in studies from Belgium, China, Singapore, and the UK (Ali et al., 2011a; Harrad et al., 2008; Tan et al., 2007a,b; Van den Eede et al., 2011a; Wang et al., 2010).
摄入室内灰尘已被确认为接触有机污染物 (OCs) 的重要途径。我们调查了巴基斯坦古吉拉特邦农村家庭（N=31）和清真寺（N=12）室内地板灰尘中多溴二苯醚 (PBDEs)、新型溴化阻燃剂 (NBFRs)、磷酸三酯 (OPFRs)、多氯联苯 (PCBs) 和有机氯农药 (OCPs) 的存在情况。大多数污染物的浓度都较低。OPFRs 是主要污染物，三-(2-丁氧基乙基)-磷酸酯 (TBEP) 和三苯基磷酸酯 (TPP) 的中位数分别为 66 和 109ng/g。在研究样本中，PBDEs 只是次要成分，BDE 209（中位数 40ng/g）是最重要的同系物。∑PBDEs、∑NBFRs、∑HCHs、∑DDTs 和∑PCBs 的水平和分布在家庭和清真寺的灰尘样本之间没有差异（P<0.05），表明存在相似的排放源。使用第 5 百分位、中位数、平均值和 95 百分位水平估计了成人和幼儿的暴露情况。典型的高值，使用中位数水平和高灰尘摄入量，成人的暴露值分别为 0.02、0.02、0.03、<0.01 和 0.65ng/kg bw/day，幼儿的暴露值分别为 0.39、0.45、0.69、0.01 和 15.2ng/kg bw/day，对于∑PBDEs、∑NBFRs、∑OCPs、∑PCBs 和∑OPFRs。据作者所知，这是第一项记录巴基斯坦室内 OC 存在的研究。
这是第一项分析巴基斯坦室内灰尘中各种污染物的报告。其中一些化学物质目前正在不同的消费产品中使用。该研究将有助于进一步了解巴基斯坦室内环境中不同有机污染物 (OCs) 的水平，并将揭示巴基斯坦普遍被忽视的环境污染领域。此外，基于动物模型的研究表明，分析的一些化学物质会引起不同类型的慢性毒性。然而，我们的结果表明，通过灰尘摄入估计的暴露水平对于所有化学物质都远远低于它们的参考剂量 (RfD) 值或比利时、中国、新加坡和英国的研究报告值（Ali 等人，2011a；Harrad 等人，2008 年；谭等人，2007a，b；Van den Eede 等人，2011a；Wang 等人，2010）。
