Acute Effects of Single Doses of Bonito Fish Peptides and Vitamin D on Whole Blood Gene Expression Levels: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Fish contains high quality proteins and essential nutrients including 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). Fish peptide consumption can lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and studies have shown an association between 25(OH)D deficiency, CVD and CVD risk factors, such as diabetes. This study investigated acute effects of a single dose of cholecalciferol (VitD), bonito fish peptide hydrolysate (BPH), or a combination of both on CVD risk factors and whole blood gene expression levels. A randomized, crossover, placebo controlled trial was conducted in 22 adults. They ingested, in random order and at 7-day intervals, 1000 IU of VitD, 3 g of BPH, a combination of both, or a placebo. A 180 min oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Differences in whole-genome expression levels after versus before each supplementation were computed for 18 subjects. We observed that 16, 1 and 5 transcripts were differentially expressed post- vs. pre-ingestion for VitD, BPH or VitD + BPH treatments, respectively. VitD-containing treatments affected the expression of the solute carrier family 25 member 20 () gene involved in fatty acid oxidation, various transcription factors and genes related to glucose metabolism. These results suggest that VitD rapidly modulates genes related to CVD risk factors in blood while BPH seems to moderately modulate gene expression levels.