Nitrogen isotope evidence for expanded ocean suboxia in the early Cenozoic.

The million-year variability of the marine nitrogen cycle is poorly understood. Before 57 million years (Ma) ago, the N/N ratio (δN) of foraminifera shell-bound organic matter from three sediment cores was high, indicating expanded water column suboxia and denitrification. Between 57 and 50 Ma ago, δN declined by 13 to 16 per mil in the North Pacific and by 3 to 8 per mil in the Atlantic. The decline preceded global cooling and appears to have coincided with the early stages of the Asia-India collision. Warm, salty intermediate-depth water forming along the Tethys Sea margins may have caused the expanded suboxia, ending with the collision. From 50 to 35 Ma ago, δN was lower than modern values, suggesting widespread sedimentary denitrification on broad continental shelves. δN rose at 35 Ma ago, as ice sheets grew, sea level fell, and continental shelves narrowed.