Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Kanpur Road, Jhansi, 284128, India.
Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Kanpur Road, Jhansi, 284128, India.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2019 Aug;106:68-80. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.04.013. Epub 2019 Apr 25.
Fluoride (F), a harmful compound if present in high concentration, is typically found in groundwater. It is important to investigate the F concentrations in groundwaters of areas where individuals use groundwater for drinking purposes. The objectives of this study were: (a) to estimate the F exposure, and (b) to assess the non-carcinogenic risk through consumption of groundwater among urban population (different age groups) of Agra city. A total of 28 groundwater samples were collected from Agra city in May 2016, which comprised 22 samples from hand pump and 6 samples from tube wells from shallow aquifers at different sites. The F concentrations varied from 0.90 to 4.12 mg/L with an average value of 1.88 mg/L. The results obtained reveal that about 64% of the samples exceeded the F permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L. Nevertheless, 32% of the samples were well within the WHO drinking water guidelines and 3.5% of the samples from the groundwater were below the 1.0 mg/L threshold. The maximum estimated exposure doses were 0.69, 0.31 and 0.12 mg/kg/day for infants, children and adults, respectively. A dental fluorosis becomes evident when the results obtained are compared with an oral reference dose of 0.06 mg/kg/day. The hazard quotient (HQ) was found to be more than 1 for infants and children in all the studied areas which indicates that young consumers are more vulnerable to non-carcinogenic risk due to exposure of F. On the other hand, the adults at about 71% of the sampled sites may be victims of non-carcinogenic risk. From the results obtained in this study, it is recommended that there be implementation of the appropriate remediation for defluoridation of water to circumvent the population from the probable health risks of F.
氟化物（F）如果存在于高浓度中，是一种有害化合物，通常存在于地下水中。调查个人用于饮用水的地下水的氟浓度非常重要。本研究的目的是：（a）估计氟暴露，（b）通过饮用地下水评估城市人口（不同年龄组）的非致癌风险。2016 年 5 月从阿格拉市共采集了 28 个地下水样本，其中包括 22 个手压泵样本和 6 个浅层含水层管井样本。氟浓度范围为 0.90 至 4.12mg/L，平均值为 1.88mg/L。结果表明，约 64%的样本超过了 1.5mg/L 的氟允许限值。然而，32%的样本符合世界卫生组织饮用水指南，3.5%的地下水样本低于 1.0mg/L 的阈值。婴儿、儿童和成人的最大估计暴露剂量分别为 0.69、0.31 和 0.12mg/kg/天。与 0.06mg/kg/天的口服参考剂量相比，获得的结果表明出现了氟牙症。在所有研究区域，婴儿和儿童的危险商数（HQ）均超过 1，这表明年轻消费者由于氟暴露而更容易受到非致癌风险的影响。另一方面，约 71%的抽样地点的成年人可能面临非致癌风险。从本研究的结果来看，建议实施适当的除氟措施来软化水，以避免人口受到氟可能带来的健康风险。
