Özkarar-Gradwohl F Gökçe
Çınar Psychotherapy Center, Istanbul, Turkey.
Turkish Neuropsychoanalysis Study Group, Istanbul, Turkey.
Front Psychol. 2019 Apr 12;10:794. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00794. eCollection 2019.
Panksepp, the father of Affective Neuroscience, dedicated his life to demonstrate that foundations of mental life and consciousness lay in the archaic layers of the brain. He had an evolutionary perspective emphasizing that the subcortical affective systems come prior to cortical cognitive systems. Based on his life-long work, the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) was constructed, and a new neurodevelopmental approach to personality was started. The new approach suggested that personality was formed based on the strengths and/or weaknesses found in the subcortical basic affective systems, which are initially regulated by the mother-infant attachment styles and later by early life experiences. ANPS measured six basic affects: CARE, PLAY, SEEK, SADNESS, FEAR, and ANGER; along with a Spirituality subscale. Up to date, it has been translated to several languages, and these studies confirmed that ANPS is a reliable and valid tool. Based on the observation that these ANPS studies have both universal and culturally specific findings, cross-cultural affective neuroscience (CAN) was initiated in 2012, with the approval of Panksepp. As a new research field, CAN aims to investigate the influence of culture on the regulation of basic affective systems. CAN claims that this influence can be studied by observing the cultural variations in (1) the level of emotional interdependency, (2) the types of reinforced or suppressed affects, and (3) the types of affects that accompany interdependent or independent self-construals. Cross-cultural comparisons of Turkish and American ANPS findings and the results of our first Euro-Asian CAN project among Japan, Turkey, and Germany support these claims. These cultures regulate the basic affective systems in unique ways, while maintaining certain similarities with each other. In a way, each culture has a unique affective personality profile and a specific function in the global affective network. The conclusion of this review shares guidelines, suggestions and ethical codes for future CAN researches.
潘克塞普是情感神经科学之父，他一生致力于证明心理生活和意识的基础存在于大脑的古老层面。他具有进化视角，强调皮层下情感系统先于皮层认知系统。基于他毕生的工作，构建了情感神经科学人格量表（ANPS），并开启了一种新的人格神经发育研究方法。新方法表明，人格是基于皮层下基本情感系统中发现的优势和/或劣势形成的，这些系统最初由母婴依恋方式调节，后来受早期生活经历影响。ANPS测量六种基本情感：关爱、玩耍、探索、悲伤、恐惧和愤怒；还有一个灵性分量表。到目前为止，它已被翻译成多种语言，这些研究证实ANPS是一种可靠且有效的工具。基于这些ANPS研究既有普遍发现又有文化特异性发现的观察，跨文化情感神经科学（CAN）于2012年在潘克塞普的批准下启动。作为一个新的研究领域，CAN旨在研究文化对基本情感系统调节的影响。CAN声称，这种影响可以通过观察以下方面的文化差异来研究：（1）情感相互依赖程度；（2）强化或抑制的情感类型；（3）与相互依赖或独立自我建构相伴的情感类型。土耳其和美国ANPS研究结果的跨文化比较以及我们在日本、土耳其和德国之间开展的首个欧亚CAN项目的结果支持了这些说法。这些文化以独特方式调节基本情感系统，同时彼此保持一定相似性。在某种程度上，每种文化都有独特的情感人格特征以及在全球情感网络中的特定功能。本综述的结论为未来的CAN研究分享了指导方针、建议和道德规范。
