Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2060, Wytemaweg 80, 3000, CB, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2019 Nov;47(11):1785-1798. doi: 10.1007/s10802-019-00550-5.
Developmental patterns of anxiety and depression symptoms in early childhood have previously been related to anxiety and mood disorders in middle childhood. In the current study, trajectories of anxiety and depression symptoms (1.5-10 years) were related to children's broader psychosocial and school-related functioning at 10 years. We included a population-based sample of 7499 children, for whom primary caregivers reported anxiety and depression symptoms on the Child Behavior Checklist, at children's ages of 1.5, 3, 6, and 10. Growth Mixture Modeling identified four distinct, gender-invariant, trajectories of anxiety and depression symptoms: low (82.4%), increasing (7.4%), decreasing (6.0%), and increasing symptoms up to age 6 followed by a decrease to age 10 (preschool-limited, 4.2%). Children with a non-Dutch ethnicity had lower odds to be in the increasing trajectory and higher odds to be in the decreasing and pre-school limited trajectory. Also, low maternal education predicted the decreasing and pre-school limited trajectory. Higher levels of psychopathology during pregnancy for both mothers and fathers predicted the increasing, decreasing, and preschool-limited trajectory, compared to the low trajectory. At age 10, children in the increasing and preschool-limited trajectory had diminished psychosocial outcomes (friendship-quality and self-esteem) and worse school-related outcomes (school performance and school problems). This study adds to current knowledge by demonstrating that developmental patterns of anxiety and depression symptoms in early childhood are related to broader negative outcomes in middle childhood. Child and family factors could guide monitoring of anxiety and depression symptoms in the general population and provide targets for prevention programs.
儿童早期的焦虑和抑郁症状发展模式先前与儿童中期的焦虑和情绪障碍有关。在当前的研究中，焦虑和抑郁症状（1.5-10 岁）的轨迹与 10 岁儿童更广泛的社会心理和与学校相关的功能有关。我们纳入了一个基于人群的 7499 名儿童样本，其主要照顾者在儿童 1.5、3、6 和 10 岁时根据儿童行为检查表报告了焦虑和抑郁症状。增长混合模型确定了四种不同的、性别不变的、焦虑和抑郁症状轨迹：低（82.4%）、增加（7.4%）、减少（6.0%）和增加症状至 6 岁，然后在 10 岁时减少（学龄前有限，4.2%）。具有非荷兰族裔的儿童不太可能处于增加轨迹，而更有可能处于减少和学龄前有限的轨迹。此外，母亲的低教育水平预示着下降和学龄前有限的轨迹。母亲和父亲在怀孕期间更高水平的精神病理学预示着增加、减少和学龄前有限的轨迹，而不是低轨迹。在 10 岁时，处于增加和学龄前有限轨迹的儿童在社会心理方面的结果（友谊质量和自尊）和学校相关的结果（学业成绩和学校问题）较差。这项研究通过证明儿童早期的焦虑和抑郁症状发展模式与儿童中期更广泛的负面结果有关，增加了当前的知识。儿童和家庭因素可以指导对普通人群中焦虑和抑郁症状的监测，并为预防计划提供目标。
