Golisano Institute for Sustainability, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA.
Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2019 Aug;38(8):1714-1723. doi: 10.1002/etc.4465.
Carbonaceous nanomaterials, such as fullerenes (C60, C70) and the derivative phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), have promising application in solar energy technologies. Although the acute ecotoxicity of C60 has been reported widely in the literature, ecotoxicity assays for different fullerene forms and broader ecosystem impact studies remain scarce. To address these knowledge gaps, acute, chronic, and life stage exposure studies with freshwater zooplankton, Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex, were performed for each material. Experimental results indicated that C60 and PCBM are not acutely toxic at estimated environmentally relevant concentrations; however, C70 had significant acute effects. All forms of fullerene caused a gradual elevation in heart rate over time and visual darkening of the Daphnia spp. carapace. The impact of fullerenes on susceptibility to predation was then assessed experimentally by presenting D. pulex to the visual predator Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill). Predation risk was significantly increased in fullerene-exposed D. pulex. The present study underscores the need to broaden the scope of traditional ecotoxicity for emerging materials: studies are required that evaluate portfolios of related nanomaterials and that capture chronic and cascading ecosystem-level effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1714-1723. © 2019 SETAC.
碳纳米材料，如富勒烯（C60、C70）和衍生的苯-C61-丁酸甲酯（PCBM），在太阳能技术中有很有前途的应用。虽然 C60 的急性生态毒性已在文献中广泛报道，但不同富勒烯形式的生态毒性测定和更广泛的生态系统影响研究仍然很少。为了解决这些知识空白，对淡水浮游动物、大型溞和水蚤进行了富勒烯形式的急性、慢性和生命阶段暴露研究。实验结果表明，在估计的环境相关浓度下，C60 和 PCBM 没有急性毒性；然而，C70 具有显著的急性效应。所有形式的富勒烯都会导致心率逐渐升高，并且水蚤属的甲壳会变暗。然后通过向视觉捕食者蓝鳃太阳鱼（Lepomis macrochirus）展示水蚤来实验评估富勒烯对易感性的影响。富勒烯暴露的水蚤被捕食的风险显著增加。本研究强调需要拓宽新兴材料传统生态毒性的范围：需要进行评估相关纳米材料组合的研究，并捕捉慢性和级联生态系统水平的影响。Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1714-1723. © 2019 SETAC。
