Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
Department of Gerontology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA.
Appetite. 2019 Sep 1;140:91-97. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.010. Epub 2019 May 7.
A curvilinear relationship exists between physical activity (PA) and dietary energy intake (EI), which is reduced in moderately active when compared to inactive and highly active individuals, but the impact of PA on eating patterns remains poorly understood. Our goal was to establish the relationship between PA and intake of foods with varying energy and nutrient density. Data from the 2009-2010 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to include a Dietary Screener Questionnaire for estimated intakes of added sugar, fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fiber, and dairy. Participants (n = 4766; 49.7% women) were divided into sex-specific quintiles based on their habitual PA. After adjustment for age, body mass index, household income, and education, intakes were compared between PA quartiles, using the lowest activity quintile (Q1) as reference. Women in the second to fourth quintile (Q2-Q4) consumed less added sugar from sugary foods (+2 tsp/day) and from sweetened beverages (+2 tsp/day; all p < 0.05 vs. Q1). In men, added sugar intake was elevated in the highest activity quintile (Q5: +3 ± 1 tsp/day, p = 0.007 vs. Q1). Fruit and vegetable intake increased (women: Q1-Q4 +0.3 ± 0.1 cup eq/day; p < 0.001; men: Q1-Q3 +0.3 ± 0.1 cup eq/day, p = 0.002) and stagnated in higher quintiles. Dairy intake increased with PA only in men (Q5: +0.3 ± 0.1 cup eq/day, p < 0.001 vs. Q1). Results demonstrate a differential relationship between habitual PA and dietary intakes, whereby moderate but not necessarily highest PA levels are associated with reduced added sugar and increased nutrient-dense food consumption. Future research should examine specific mechanisms of food choices at various PA levels to ensure dietary behaviors (i.e., increased sugary food intake) do not negate positive effects of PA.
体力活动（PA）与膳食能量摄入（EI）之间存在曲线关系，与不活跃和高度活跃的个体相比，中度活跃个体的 EI 减少，但 PA 对饮食模式的影响仍知之甚少。我们的目标是确定 PA 与不同能量和营养密度食物摄入之间的关系。使用 2009-2010 年美国国家健康和营养检查调查的数据，包括饮食筛选问卷，以估计添加糖、水果和蔬菜、全谷物、纤维和乳制品的摄入量。参与者（n=4766；49.7%为女性）根据习惯性 PA 分为特定性别的五分位数。在调整年龄、体重指数、家庭收入和教育程度后，使用最低活动五分位数（Q1）作为参考，比较 PA 四分位数之间的摄入量。第二至第四五分位数（Q2-Q4）的女性从含糖食物（+2 茶匙/天）和甜饮料（+2 茶匙/天；所有 p<0.05 与 Q1 相比）中消耗的添加糖更少。在男性中，最高活动五分位数（Q5：+3±1 茶匙/天，p=0.007 与 Q1 相比）的添加糖摄入量升高。水果和蔬菜摄入量增加（女性：Q1-Q4+0.3±0.1 杯当量/天；p<0.001；男性：Q1-Q3+0.3±0.1 杯当量/天，p=0.002），而在更高的五分位数中则停滞不前。只有男性的乳制品摄入量随 PA 增加（Q5：+0.3±0.1 杯当量/天，p<0.001 与 Q1 相比）。结果表明，习惯性 PA 与饮食摄入之间存在差异关系，其中中等但并非最高水平的 PA 与减少添加糖和增加营养密集型食物摄入有关。未来的研究应检查不同 PA 水平下食物选择的具体机制，以确保饮食行为（即增加含糖食物的摄入）不会否定 PA 的积极影响。
