Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Swine Vet Center, St. Peter, Minnesota.
Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019 Sep;66(5):1840-1854. doi: 10.1111/tbed.13233. Epub 2019 Jun 4.
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is the aetiologic agent of enzootic pneumonia in swine, a prevalent chronic respiratory disease worldwide. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a small, self-replicating microorganism that possesses several characteristics allowing for limited biosynthetic abilities, resulting in the fastidious, host-specific growth and unique pathogenic properties of this microorganism. Variation across several isolates of M. hyopneumoniae has been described at antigenic, proteomic, transcriptomic, pathogenic and genomic levels. The microorganism possesses a minimal number of genes that regulate the transcription process. Post-translational modifications (PTM) occur frequently in a wide range of functional proteins. The PTM by which M. hyopneumoniae regulates its surface topography could play key roles in cell adhesion, evasion and/or modulation of the host immune system. The clinical outcome of M. hyopneumoniae infections is determined by different factors, such as housing conditions, management practices, co-infections and also by virulence differences among M. hyopneumoniae isolates. Factors contributing to adherence and colonization as well as the capacity to modulate inflammatory and immune responses might be crucial. Different components of the cell membrane (i.e. proteins, glycoproteins and lipoproteins) may serve as adhesins and/or be toxic for the respiratory tract cells. Mechanisms leading to virulence are complex and more research is needed to identify markers for virulence. The utilization of typing methods and complete or partial-gene sequencing for M. hyopneumoniae characterization has increased in diagnostic laboratories as control and elimination strategies for this microorganism are attempted worldwide. A commonly employed molecular typing method for M. hyopneumoniae is Multiple-Locus Variable number tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA). The agreement of a shared terminology and classification for the various techniques, specifically MLVA, has not been described, which makes inferences across the literature unsuitable. Therefore, molecular trends for M. hyopneumoniae have been outlined and a common terminology and classification based on Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR) types has been proposed.
猪肺炎支原体（M. hyopneumoniae）是猪地方性肺炎的病原体，是一种普遍存在的慢性呼吸道疾病。猪肺炎支原体是一种小型的自我复制微生物，具有多种特征，限制了其生物合成能力，导致该微生物生长苛刻、宿主特异性强且具有独特的致病性。已经在抗原、蛋白质组学、转录组学、致病性和基因组水平上描述了几种猪肺炎支原体分离株的变异。该微生物拥有数量有限的基因来调节转录过程。翻译后修饰（PTM）在广泛的功能蛋白中经常发生。猪肺炎支原体调节其表面形貌的 PTM 可能在细胞黏附、逃避和/或宿主免疫系统调节中发挥关键作用。猪肺炎支原体感染的临床结果取决于不同因素，例如住房条件、管理实践、合并感染以及猪肺炎支原体分离株之间的毒力差异。有助于黏附和定植以及调节炎症和免疫反应的能力可能至关重要。细胞膜的不同成分（即蛋白质、糖蛋白和脂蛋白）可作为黏附素和/或对呼吸道细胞有毒。导致毒力的机制很复杂，需要更多的研究来确定毒力标志物。在试图控制和消除这种微生物的全球范围内，用于 M. hyopneumoniae 特征描述的分型方法和完整或部分基因测序已在诊断实验室中得到广泛应用。用于 M. hyopneumoniae 的常用分子分型方法是多位点可变数串联重复分析（MLVA）。尚未描述用于各种技术（特别是 MLVA）的共享术语和分类的一致性，这使得跨文献进行推断不合适。因此，概述了 M. hyopneumoniae 的分子趋势，并提出了基于可变数串联重复（VNTR）类型的通用术语和分类。
