Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457, Hamburg, Germany.
Psychon Bull Rev. 2020 Feb;27(1):3-14. doi: 10.3758/s13423-019-01619-4.
Practice of two simultaneous component tasks in dual-task situations leads to an improvement in dual-task performance. The present paper reviews empirical evidence for this practice-related improvement and discusses its underlying cognitive mechanisms. In particular, the robustness of the phenomenon of dual-task practice advantage (DTPA) is evaluated. This phenomenon is described as an advantage in dual-task performance at the end of dual-task practice (i.e., simultaneous task practice) in comparison to the dual-task performance after single-task practice (i.e., separate task practice). The review investigates the existence of empirical evidence of the DTPA phenomenon and specifications of its mechanisms in the context of the allocation and scheduling hypothesis and the integration hypothesis. Evidence for the existence of the DTPA phenomenon and the allocation and scheduling hypothesis was demonstrated in dual tasks with (1) combinations of two sensorimotor tasks, (2) combinations of one continuous task and one sensorimotor task, (3) combinations of two working-memory tasks, and (4) combinations of one motor task and one cognitive task. In contrast, the findings demonstrate that the DTPA phenomenon in dual tasks with (5) combinations of two long-term memory retrieval tasks can instead be explained by the integration hypothesis. The relevance of these findings is discussed in relation to real-world problems.
在双任务情境下同时进行两项任务的练习会导致双任务表现的提高。本文综述了这一与练习相关的提高的实证证据，并讨论了其潜在的认知机制。特别是，评估了双任务练习优势（DTPA）现象的稳健性。这种现象被描述为在双任务练习（即同时任务练习）结束时的双任务表现优于单任务练习（即单独任务练习）后的双任务表现的优势。该综述调查了在分配和调度假设和整合假设的背景下，DTPA 现象及其机制的具体内容的实证证据的存在。在具有（1）两个感觉运动任务的组合、（2）一个连续任务和一个感觉运动任务的组合、（3）两个工作记忆任务的组合以及（4）一个运动任务和一个认知任务的组合的双任务中，证明了 DTPA 现象和分配和调度假设的存在。相比之下，研究结果表明，在具有（5）两个长期记忆检索任务的组合的双任务中，DTPA 现象可以用整合假设来解释。讨论了这些发现与现实世界问题的相关性。
