Krpan Dario, Galizzi Matteo M, Dolan Paul
Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom.
Front Psychol. 2019 May 16;10:1142. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01142. eCollection 2019.
Behavioral spillovers refer to the influence that a given intervention targeting behavior 1 exerts on a subsequent, non-targeted, behavior 2, which may or may not be in the same domain (health, finance, etc.) as one another. So, a nudge to exercise more, for example, could lead people to eat more or less, or possibly even to give more or less to charity depending on the nature of the spillover. But what if spillovers also operate backward; that is, if the expectation of behavior 1 influences behavior 0 that precedes it? For example, a person may form an intention to exercise prompted by a policy intervention but overeat at present as a result. We define such a possibility as a "spillunder." In the proposed article, we critically review the few papers that we have identified through a narrative literature review which have demonstrated spillunder effects to date, and we propose a conceptual framework. Based on evidence about the human mind and behavior from psychology and economics, we argue that spillunder effects may be more common than the limited empirical findings suggest. We propose six representative mechanisms through which the prospect of behavior 1 may impact behavior 0: executive functions, moral licensing and moral cleansing, emotion regulation, energization, construal level, and savoring and dread. We further discuss the policy and practical implications of spillunder effects and examine methodological issues that need to be considered when empirically testing these effects. As with our earlier paper on spillovers, we aim to motivate other behavioral scientists to research behavioral spillunders more systematically and extensively, and to prompt decision makers to consider these effects when designing behavioral interventions.
行为溢出是指针对行为1的特定干预对后续非目标行为2产生的影响，行为1和行为2可能属于也可能不属于同一领域（如健康、金融等）。例如，鼓励多锻炼的推动措施可能会导致人们或多或少地进食，甚至可能会根据溢出效应的性质或多或少地进行慈善捐赠。但如果溢出效应也会反向起作用呢？也就是说，如果对行为1的预期会影响其之前的行为0呢？例如，一个人可能会因政策干预而形成锻炼的意图，但结果却是目前吃得过多。我们将这种可能性定义为“溢出不足”。在这篇拟议的文章中，我们批判性地回顾了通过叙述性文献综述确定的、迄今为止已证明存在溢出不足效应的少数几篇论文，并提出了一个概念框架。基于心理学和经济学中关于人类思维和行为的证据，我们认为溢出不足效应可能比有限的实证研究结果所显示的更为普遍。我们提出了行为1的预期可能影响行为0的六种代表性机制：执行功能、道德许可和道德净化、情绪调节、激励、解释水平以及品味和恐惧。我们进一步讨论了溢出不足效应的政策和实际意义，并审视了在实证检验这些效应时需要考虑的方法学问题。与我们之前关于溢出效应的论文一样，我们旨在激励其他行为科学家更系统、更广泛地研究行为溢出不足，并促使决策者在设计行为干预措施时考虑这些效应。
