Jajere Saleh Mohammed
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.
Vet World. 2019;12(4):504-521. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.504-521. Epub 2019 Apr 6.
genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens frequently isolated from food-producing animals that is responsible for zoonotic infections in humans and animal species including birds. Thus, infections represent a major concern to public health, animals, and food industry worldwide. represents the most pathogenic specie and includes > 2600 serovars characterized thus far. can be transmitted to humans along the farm-to-fork continuum, commonly through contaminated foods of animal origin, namely poultry and poultry-related products (eggs), pork, fish etc. Some serovars are restricted to one specific host commonly referred to as "host-restricted" whereas others have broad host spectrum known as "host-adapted" serovars. For to colonize its hosts through invading, attaching, and bypassing the host's intestinal defense mechanisms such as the gastric acid, many virulence markers and determinants have been demonstrated to play crucial role in its pathogenesis; and these factors included flagella, capsule, plasmids, adhesion systems, and type 3 secretion systems encoded on the pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 and SPI-2, and other SPIs. The epidemiologically important non-typhoidal (NTS) serovars linked with a high burden of foodborne outbreaks in humans worldwide included Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Newport. The increased number of NTS cases reported through surveillance in recent years from the United States, Europe and low- and middle-income countries of the world suggested that the control programs targeted at reducing the contamination of food animals along the food chain have largely not been successful. Furthermore, the emergence of several clones of resistant to multiple antimicrobials worldwide underscores a significant food safety hazard. In this review, we discussed on the historical background, nomenclature and taxonomy, morphological features, physical and biochemical characteristics of NTS with a particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity, transmission, and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance and its surveillance.
属是最常见的食源性病原体，经常从食品生产动物中分离出来，可导致包括鸟类在内的人类和动物物种发生人畜共患病感染。因此，感染是全球公共卫生、动物和食品行业的主要关注点。属是最具致病性的物种，迄今已鉴定出超过2600个血清型。可通过农场到餐桌的整个链条传播给人类，通常是通过受污染的动物源性食品，即家禽和家禽相关产品（鸡蛋）、猪肉、鱼类等。一些血清型仅限于一种特定宿主，通常称为“宿主受限型”，而其他血清型具有广泛的宿主谱，称为“宿主适应型”血清型。为了通过侵入、附着和绕过宿主的肠道防御机制（如胃酸）在宿主体内定植，许多毒力标志物和决定因素已被证明在其发病机制中起关键作用；这些因素包括鞭毛、荚膜、质粒、粘附系统以及位于致病岛（SPI）-1和SPI-2以及其他SPI上编码的3型分泌系统。在全球范围内，与人类食源性暴发高负担相关的具有重要流行病学意义的非伤寒血清型包括鼠伤寒、肠炎、海德堡和纽波特。近年来，美国、欧洲以及世界中低收入国家通过监测报告的非伤寒病例数量增加，这表明旨在减少食物链中食用动物污染的控制计划在很大程度上并不成功。此外，全球出现了几种对多种抗菌药物耐药的克隆株，凸显了重大的食品安全危害。在本综述中，我们讨论了非伤寒血清型的历史背景、命名和分类、形态特征、物理和生化特性，特别关注其致病性和毒力因子、宿主特异性、传播以及抗菌药物耐药性，包括多重耐药性及其监测。
