Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
Infect Dis Poverty. 2019 Jun 15;8(1):49. doi: 10.1186/s40249-019-0560-6.
Infectious diseases encompass a large spectrum of diseases that threaten human health, and coinfection is of particular importance because pathogen species can interact within the host. Currently, the antagonistic relationship between different pathogens during concurrent coinfections is defined as one in which one pathogen either manages to inhibit the invasion, development and reproduction of the other pathogen or biologically modulates the vector density. In this review, we provide an overview of the phenomenon and mechanisms of antagonism of coinfecting pathogens involving parasites.
This review summarizes the antagonistic interaction between parasites and parasites, parasites and viruses, and parasites and bacteria. At present, relatively clear mechanisms explaining polyparasitism include apparent competition, exploitation competition, interference competition, biological control of intermediate hosts or vectors and suppressive effect on transmission. In particular, immunomodulation, including the suppression of dendritic cell (DC) responses, activation of basophils and mononuclear macrophages and adjuvant effects of the complement system, is described in detail.
In this review, we summarize antagonistic concurrent infections involving parasites and provide a functional framework for in-depth studies of the underlying mechanisms of coinfection with different microorganisms, which will hasten the development of promising antimicrobial alternatives, such as novel antibacterial vaccines or biological methods of controlling infectious diseases, thus relieving the overwhelming burden of ever-increasing antimicrobial resistance.
传染病涵盖了威胁人类健康的一系列疾病，合并感染尤其重要，因为病原体在宿主内可以相互作用。目前，同时合并感染时不同病原体之间的拮抗关系被定义为一种病原体成功抑制另一种病原体的入侵、发展和繁殖，或者生物调节媒介密度的关系。在这篇综述中，我们概述了涉及寄生虫的合并感染病原体拮抗现象和机制。
本综述总结了寄生虫之间、寄生虫与病毒之间以及寄生虫与细菌之间的拮抗相互作用。目前，解释多寄生虫感染的相对明确机制包括明显竞争、掠夺竞争、干扰竞争、中间宿主或媒介的生物控制以及对传播的抑制作用。特别是，详细描述了免疫调节，包括树突状细胞（DC）反应的抑制、嗜碱性粒细胞和单核巨噬细胞的激活以及补体系统的佐剂作用。
在这篇综述中，我们总结了涉及寄生虫的拮抗合并感染，并为深入研究不同微生物合并感染的潜在机制提供了功能框架，这将加速开发有前途的抗菌替代品，如新型抗菌疫苗或生物控制传染病的方法，从而缓解日益增加的抗生素耐药性带来的巨大负担。
