University of Minnesota School of Nursing, 5-140 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
Int Urogynecol J. 2020 May;31(5):939-945. doi: 10.1007/s00192-019-04024-6. Epub 2019 Jun 18.
Availability of public toilets in parklands and open spaces is a community resource for all persons and may support self-management of incontinence. The purpose of this study was to describe and map the availability of public toilets in parklands and open spaces in major international cities by city population and area.
Observational/descriptive design. Twelve cities in nine countries with available data about toilets in parklands (Minneapolis-St. Paul (MSP), New York City, Philadelphia, Toronto, and Osaka) or open spaces (Greater London, Greater Sydney, Paris, Berlin, Brussels, and Seoul) were included in the analysis. Data were from online open/free data sets. Availability of publicly owned and/or operated permanent toilet facilities was measured/analyzed as number, density (calculated by population and area (km)), and distribution (visualized using Geographic Information Systems).
Density of public toilets/area (km) in parklands was highest in Osaka. MSP had the most toilets per 100,000 residents. In open spaces, the density of public toilets/area (km) was highest in Paris. Sydney had the most toilets in open spaces per 100,000 residents. The distribution of public toilets across parklands was fairly even in MSP, Philadelphia, and Toronto. The distribution of public toilets in open spaces was highly concentrated in one area in Brussels. Sydney has a low population density but a high toilet density in open spaces.
Availability of public toilets in parklands or open spaces varies among international cities. Toilet availability should be considered in urban planning and community healthcare programs to promote continence, health, and quality of life.
公园和开放空间的公共厕所的可用性是所有人群的社区资源，并且可能支持失禁的自我管理。本研究的目的是描述和绘制主要国际城市的公园和开放空间的公共厕所的可用性，以城市人口和面积为单位。
观察/描述性设计。该分析纳入了 12 个城市，这些城市分布在 9 个国家，其中包括有关于公园（明尼阿波利斯-圣保罗（MSP）、纽约市、费城、多伦多和大阪）或开放空间（大伦敦、大悉尼、巴黎、柏林、布鲁塞尔和首尔）的厕所数据。数据来自在线公开/免费数据集。公共拥有和/或运营的永久性厕所设施的可用性通过数量、人口和面积（km）密度（通过人口和面积（km）计算）以及使用地理信息系统（GIS）进行可视化的分布来进行测量/分析。
公园中公共厕所/面积（km）的密度以大阪最高。MSP 每 10 万居民拥有最多的厕所。在开放空间中，公共厕所/面积（km）的密度以巴黎最高。悉尼每 10 万居民拥有最多的开放空间厕所。MSP、费城和多伦多的公园公共厕所分布相对均匀。布鲁塞尔的开放空间公共厕所分布高度集中在一个区域。悉尼的人口密度较低，但开放空间的厕所密度较高。
公园或开放空间的公共厕所的可用性在国际城市之间有所不同。在城市规划和社区医疗保健计划中应考虑厕所的可用性，以促进控制、健康和生活质量。
