School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Xueyuan Road No.30, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
Cologne University of Applied Science, Hahnen Str. 31c, 50354, Huerth-Efferen, Germany.
J Environ Manage. 2021 Jun 1;287:112252. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112252. Epub 2021 Mar 10.
The provision of sanitation services for fast-growing urban populations is one of the world's urgent challenges. Hutong neighborhoods in Beijing, capital of China, cannot be rebuilt due to the protection of historical heritage, while residents still need to keep the habit of defecating in public toilets. One hundred public toilets with non-sewered sanitation in the Hutong neighborhoods of Beijing were visited to investigate the actual operating status in response to the "toilet revolution" campaign. The fault tree approach was used to identify the barriers toward a decent and environment-friendly public toilet and evaluate potential risks from the malfunction of various components. Four subsystems are defined and elaborated to calculate the fault possibility. These subsystems are environment- and user-friendly, regarded as ancillary facilities, and used for fecal sludge (FS) management. Statistical analysis of targeted cases indicated that fault probabilities of environmental considerations, user-friendly considerations, ancillary facilities, FS management are calculated as 0.79, 0.96, 0.96, and 0, respectively. The subsystems were weighted using a Delphi method concept. Results showed that the well operation ratio of Beijing Hutong public toilets is only 32%, and the sanitation service value chain can be further optimized. This study also provides references for other countries, which are dedicated to promoting urban sanitation and public health.
为快速增长的城市人口提供卫生服务是世界面临的紧迫挑战之一。由于历史遗产保护的原因，中国首都北京的胡同街区无法进行重建，但居民仍需要保持在公共厕所排便的习惯。为响应“厕所革命”运动，对北京胡同街区的 100 个非污水卫生公共厕所进行了实地调查，以了解其实际运行状况。采用故障树方法识别体面和环保公共厕所的障碍，并评估各种部件故障的潜在风险。定义并详细阐述了四个子系统，以计算故障可能性。这些子系统分别是环境和用户友好型、辅助设施和粪便污泥（FS）管理。对目标案例进行统计分析表明，环境考虑因素、用户友好考虑因素、辅助设施和 FS 管理的故障概率分别计算为 0.79、0.96、0.96 和 0。使用 Delphi 方法概念对子系统进行了加权。结果表明，北京胡同公共厕所的正常运行率仅为 32%，卫生服务价值链可以进一步优化。本研究还为其他致力于促进城市卫生和公共健康的国家提供了参考。
