National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.
Sci Adv. 2019 Jun 26;5(6):eaav0474. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aav0474. eCollection 2019 Jun.
The well-documented value of marine fisheries is threatened by overfishing. Management typically focuses on target populations but lacks effective tools to document or restrain overexploitation of marine ecosystems. Here, we present three indices and accompanying thresholds to detect and delineate ecosystem overfishing (EOF): the Fogarty, Friedland, and Ryther indices. These are based on widely available and readily interpreted catch and satellite data that link fisheries landings to primary production using known limits of trophic transfer efficiency. We propose theoretically and empirically based thresholds for each of those indices; with these criteria, several ecosystems are fished sustainably, but nearly 40 to 50% of tropical and temperate ecosystems exceed even extreme thresholds. Applying these criteria to global fisheries data results in strong evidence for two specific instances of EOF, increases in both pressure on tropical fish and a climate-mediated polar shift. Here, we show that these two patterns represent evidence for global EOF.
海洋渔业的巨大价值有目共睹，但过度捕捞正威胁着这一价值。渔业管理通常侧重于目标种群，但缺乏有效的工具来记录或遏制对海洋生态系统的过度开发。在这里，我们提出了三个指标和相应的阈值，以检测和划定生态系统过度捕捞（EOF）：Fogarty、Friedland 和 Ryther 指数。这些指标基于广泛可用且易于解释的捕捞和卫星数据，利用已知的营养传递效率极限，将渔业捕捞量与初级生产力联系起来。我们提出了每个指数的理论和经验基础阈值；根据这些标准，一些生态系统可持续捕捞，但近 40%至 50%的热带和温带生态系统甚至超过了极端阈值。将这些标准应用于全球渔业数据，有力地证明了两种特定的 EOF 情况，即热带鱼类面临的压力增加和气候介导的极地转移。在这里，我们表明这两种模式代表了全球 EOF 的证据。
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