Department of Psychology, Uppsala University , Box , Uppsala , Sweden.
J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2019 Nov;41(9):933-945. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2019.1641185. Epub 2019 Jul 8.
: It is well established that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder of self-regulation. As such, ADHD is associated with disturbed cognitive regulation, extreme temperament traits, and deficient extrinsic regulation such as parenting. Despite these associations, cognitive regulation, temperament, and parenting have not previously been examined simultaneously in relation to ADHD symptoms in school-aged children. To bridge this gap of knowledge, we examined effects of these important aspects of self-regulation on symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and comorbid symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in children with and without a diagnosis of ADHD. : The sample consisted of 77 children aged 8 to 12 years (~40% had a diagnosis of ADHD). We assessed cognitive regulation (i.e., complex inhibition and working memory) during a lab visit and parents rated child temperament (negative affect, surgency, and effortful control) and parental support. Parents and teachers rated ADHD and ODD symptoms in the child. We performed continuous analyses, informed by a dimensional perspective on ADHD. : Working memory contributed independently to inattention (β = -.19, < .05). Effortful control contributed independently to inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity (βs = -.50 and -.49, s < .01). Negative affect contributed to ODD symptoms as moderated by parental support (β = .58, < .01). Specifically, for children who received lower levels of parental support there was a significant positive association between negative affect and ODD symptoms. : The results propose that both cognitive regulation and effortful control influence ADHD symptoms. Moreover, different factors seem to be involved in ADHD and ODD, with regulatory deficits specifically related to ADHD symptoms, and elevated negative affect specifically related to ODD symptoms. Interestingly, parenting moderated the relationship between negative affect and ODD symptoms, with a suggested protective effect of high parental support for children with high levels of negative affect.
已有充分证据表明，注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是一种自我调节障碍。因此，ADHD 与认知调节紊乱、极端的气质特征以及缺乏外在调节（如养育方式）有关。尽管存在这些关联，但以前从未同时检查过认知调节、气质和养育方式与学龄儿童 ADHD 症状之间的关系。为了弥补这一知识空白，我们研究了这些自我调节重要方面对 ADHD 儿童和非 ADHD 儿童注意缺陷、多动/冲动和对立违抗性障碍（ODD）共病症状的影响。
该样本包括 77 名 8 至 12 岁的儿童（约 40%被诊断为 ADHD）。我们在实验室检查中评估了认知调节（即复杂抑制和工作记忆），父母评估了儿童的气质（负性情绪、冲动和努力控制）和父母支持。父母和老师对儿童的 ADHD 和 ODD 症状进行了评分。我们进行了连续分析，以 ADHD 的维度视角为依据。
工作记忆对注意缺陷有独立贡献（β=-.19，p<.05）。努力控制对注意缺陷和多动/冲动有独立贡献（βs=-.50 和-.49，p<.01）。负性情绪受父母支持调节，与 ODD 症状有关（β=，.58，p<.01）。具体来说，对于接受低水平父母支持的儿童，负性情绪与 ODD 症状之间存在显著正相关。
研究结果表明，认知调节和努力控制都对 ADHD 症状有影响。此外，ADHD 和 ODD 涉及不同的因素，调节缺陷与 ADHD 症状有关，而负性情绪与 ODD 症状有关。有趣的是，养育方式调节了负性情绪和 ODD 症状之间的关系，高父母支持对负性情绪高的儿童有保护作用。
