Department of Civil Engineering, An-Najah National University , Nablus , Palestine , Palestine.
Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University , Logan , UT , USA.
J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2019 Oct;69(10):1182-1194. doi: 10.1080/10962247.2019.1640804. Epub 2019 Aug 28.
On-road vehicles have become a dominant source of air pollution and energy consumption in many parts of the world. As a result, estimating the amount of pollution from these vehicles and analyzing the factors affecting their emission is necessary to understand and manage ambient air quality. Traditionally, automobile emissions have been measured with dynamometer tests using representative driving cycles. A review of the related literature shows that there is a lack of real life, on-the-road testing of automobile emissions. Moreover, a few previous studies have directly discussed the impact of driver variability on emissions from the vehicles. This research analyzes the impacts of driver experience, gender, speed, and road grade on vehicle emissions through on-the-road testing experiment in Logan, Utah, USA during summer of 2016. The methodology of the research starts by selecting a representative car to perform the tests on. The next step was to choose test drivers representing four groups: young males, young females, experienced males, and experienced females. After that, the drivers were assigned a specified route that has different speed limits and grades. Emissions from the car exhaust (specifically carbon monoxide-CO, hydrocarbons-HC, and nitrogen oxides-NOx) in addition to the engines rotational speed (rpm), car speed, and exhaust temperature, were measured every second while driving on the specified route. Statistical analysis of the results shows that contrary to the common stereotypes, experienced drivers emitted 52% more HC and 49% more NOx than young drivers and female drivers, and male drivers emitted 14% more HC and 44% more NOx than female drivers. It also shows that CO emission is not significantly dependent on age, gender, nor driving conditions. Finally, driving through low-speed segments emits significantly higher HC (79%), while driving through uphill segments emits significantly higher (98%) NOx than driving through downhill segment. : This study showed that there are significant differences in vehicular emissions among drivers from different genders and age. These differences should be taking into consideration in future emission modeling studies and regulatory scenarios.
在世界上许多地区，道路车辆已经成为空气污染和能源消耗的主要来源。因此，有必要估计这些车辆的污染量并分析影响其排放的因素，以便了解和管理环境空气质量。传统上，使用代表性驾驶循环的测功机测试来测量汽车排放。对相关文献的回顾表明，对汽车排放的实际道路测试缺乏。此外，以前的一些研究直接讨论了驾驶员变异性对车辆排放的影响。本研究通过 2016 年夏季在美国犹他州洛根的道路测试实验，分析了驾驶员经验、性别、速度和道路坡度对车辆排放的影响。研究方法首先选择具有代表性的汽车进行测试。下一步是选择代表四个组别的测试驾驶员：年轻男性、年轻女性、经验丰富的男性和经验丰富的女性。之后，为驾驶员指定了具有不同限速和坡度的指定路线。在指定路线上行驶时，每秒测量一次汽车尾气（特别是一氧化碳-CO、碳氢化合物-HC 和氮氧化物-NOx）排放以及发动机转速（rpm）、车速和排气温度。对结果进行统计分析表明，与常见的刻板印象相反，经验丰富的驾驶员比年轻驾驶员和女性驾驶员排放的 HC 多 52%，NOx 多 49%，而男性驾驶员比女性驾驶员排放的 HC 多 14%，NOx 多 44%。结果还表明，CO 排放与年龄、性别或驾驶条件无关。最后，低速行驶段的 HC 排放量显著增加（79%），而上坡行驶段的 NOx 排放量显著增加（98%），而下坡行驶段的排放量则较低。本研究表明，不同性别和年龄的驾驶员之间的车辆排放存在显著差异。在未来的排放建模研究和监管情景中，应考虑这些差异。
