Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1154:359-409. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_12.
Digenetic trematodes infecting humans are more than 91 species which belong to 46 genera all over the world. According to their habitat in definitive hosts, they are classified as blood flukes (Schistosoma japonicum. S. mekongi, S. mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. intercalatum), liver flukes (Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, O. felineus, Metorchis conjunctus, M. bilis, M. orientalis, Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, and D. hospes), lung flukes (Paragonimus westermani, P. heterotremus, P. skrjabini, P. miyazakii, P. kellicoti, P. mexicanus, P. africanus, and P. uterobilateralis), throat fluke (Clinostomum complanatum), pancreatic fluke (Eurytrema pancreaticum), and intestinal flukes (Metagonimus yokogawai, M. miyatai, M. takahashii, Heterophyes nocens, H. heterophyes, Haplorchis taichui, H. pumilio, H. yokogawai, Centrocestus formosanus, Echinostoma revolutum, E. ilocanum, Isthmiophora hortensis, Echinochasmus japonicus, E. lilliputanus, Artyfechinostomum malayanum, A. sufrartyfex, A. oraoni, Fasciolopsis buski, Gymnophalloides seoi, Neodiplostomum seoulense, Caprimolgorchis molenkampi, Phaneropsolus bonnei, and Plagiorchis muris). The mode of transmission to humans includes contact with cercariae contaminated in water (schistosomes) and ingestion of raw or improperly cooked fish (liver and throat flukes, heterophyids, and echinostomes), snails (echinostomes and gymnophallids), amphibia, reptiles (neodiplostomes), aquatic vegetables (amphistomes), or insect larvae or adults (plagiorchiids, lecithodendriids, and pancreatic fluke). Praziquantel has been proved to be highly effective against most species of trematode infections except fascioliasis. Epidemiological surveys and detection of human infections are required for better understanding of the geographical distribution and endemicity of each trematode species.
感染人类的双壳类吸虫超过 91 种，属于 46 属，分布于世界各地。根据其在终宿主中的栖息地，它们被分为血吸（日本血吸虫、湄公血吸虫、曼氏血吸虫、埃及血吸虫和间插血吸虫）、肝吸（中华支睾吸虫、后睾吸虫、猫后睾吸虫、并殖吸虫、双腔吸虫、肝片形吸虫、巨片形吸虫、肝毛细线虫和阔节裂头绦虫）、肺吸（卫氏并殖吸虫、异形并殖吸虫、斯氏狸殖吸虫、宫崎并殖吸虫、卡拉巴丝虫、墨西哥并殖吸虫、非洲并殖吸虫和子宫并殖吸虫）、喉吸（平角卷口鱼石首鱼）、胰吸（胰阔盘吸虫）和肠吸（广东住血吸虫、阔节裂头绦虫、日本裂体吸虫、中殖孔绦虫、中华分枝睾吸虫、后睾属吸虫、异形异形吸虫、毛毕吸虫、圆口后殖吸虫、腔阔盘吸虫、腔宫吸虫、东毕吸虫、短小东毕吸虫、马来西亚分体吸虫、苏拉东毕吸虫、大肝片吸虫、片形吸虫、日本棘口吸虫、微小棘口吸虫、阿里旋口吸虫、胰阔盘吸虫、海兽后睾吸虫、细粒棘球绦虫、首尔后睾吸虫、莫伦坎皮绦虫、波恩氏前殖吸虫和鼠肝毛细线虫）。向人类传播的方式包括接触受污染的水中的尾蚴（血吸虫）和摄入生的或未煮熟的鱼（肝吸虫、喉吸虫、异形异形吸虫和棘口吸虫）、蜗牛（棘口吸虫和 gymnophallids）、两栖动物、爬行动物（新双盘吸虫）、水生植物（ amphistomes）、昆虫幼虫或成虫（ plagiorchids、lecithodendriids 和胰吸）。吡喹酮已被证明对大多数吸虫感染非常有效，除了片形吸虫病。需要进行流行病学调查和检测人类感染，以更好地了解每种吸虫的地理分布和流行情况。
