Effect of difenoconazole fungicide on physiological responses and ultrastructural modifications in model organism Tetrahymena pyriformis.

The continuous and extensive use of pesticides, particularly in the field of agriculture, leads to contamination of all ecosystems (water, soil, and atmosphere). Among pesticides, fungicides constitute a larger group whose impact on the environment are still poorly studied. Difenoconazole belongs to triazole group of fungicides having high photochemical stability and have low biodegradability, which makes them persistent in water bodies. The present study focuses on the physiological and cytotoxic impact of difenoconazole fungicide on ciliated protozoa, Tetrahymena pyriformis with reference to growth, morphology, behaviour and its generation time. Morphological studies showed changes in the shape and size of T. pyriformis. Our result showed an inhibitory effect on population growth of T. pyriformis and the IC concentration was found to be 6.8 μg mL.The numbers of generations decreased and generation time was found to be extended in a concentration and time dependent manner. Difenoconazole caused significant depletion in phagocytic activity and also ultra-structural changes were observed by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The results indicate that the Tetrahymena toxicity assay could be used as a complementary system to rapidly elucidate the cytotoxic potential of fungicide.