Patel Ritu Prabha, Amirisetty Ramesh, Kalakonda Butchibabu, Penumatsa Narendra Varma, Koppolu Pradeep
Department of Periodontics, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India.
Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Al Farabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Niger Med J. 2018 Jul-Aug;59(4):33-38. doi: 10.4103/nmj.NMJ_142_17.
Smoking is widely prevalent among rural Indian populations. Smoking is considered a significant risk factor for periodontal diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of smoking on the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) IL-1β and IL-8 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and compare these between smokers and nonsmokers with periodontitis in diseased and healthy sites.
A total of thirty patients with severe chronic periodontitis (15 smokers and 15 nonsmokers) participated in this study. Clinical parameters assessed were gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level. One diseased and one healthy site from each of the periodontitis patients were selected for GCF collection and assigned to the following four groups: healthy sites in smoker (SH), diseased sites in smoker (SD), healthy sites in nonsmoker (NH), and diseased sites in nonsmoker (ND) and were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test (Quantikine).
Intragroup comparisons revealed statistically significant levels of IL-1β in ND sites compared to NH sites ( < 0.005) and SD sites showed statistically significantly higher levels of IL-1β compared to SH sites ( < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference in IL-8 levels between NH and ND sites as well as between SH and SD sites. Intergroup comparisons revealed that SH sites exhibited significantly lower amounts of IL-8 ( < 0.01) compared to NH sites and SD sites showed significantly lower levels of IL-8 compared to ND sites ( < 0.001). However, the comparison of NH and SH sites as well as ND and SD sites showed no significant difference in the levels of IL-1β.
Cytokine levels were significantly elevated in periodontitis patients. Smokers exhibited a decrease in IL-8 and increase in IL-1β levels. Hence, this reflects the influence of smoking on immunosuppression and its role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.
吸烟在印度农村人口中广泛流行。吸烟被认为是牙周疾病的一个重要危险因素。本研究的目的是评估吸烟对龈沟液（GCF）中炎性细胞因子白细胞介素（IL）-1β和IL-8的影响，并比较吸烟者和不吸烟者患牙周炎的患病部位和健康部位之间的这些细胞因子水平。
共有30例重度慢性牙周炎患者（15名吸烟者和15名不吸烟者）参与了本研究。评估的临床参数包括牙龈指数、探诊出血、探诊深度（PD）和临床附着水平。从每位牙周炎患者中选择一个患病部位和一个健康部位进行龈沟液采集，并分为以下四组：吸烟者的健康部位（SH）、吸烟者的患病部位（SD）、不吸烟者的健康部位（NH）和不吸烟者的患病部位（ND），并通过酶联免疫吸附测定试验（Quantikine）进行分析。
组内比较显示，与NH部位相比，ND部位的IL-1β水平具有统计学显著差异（<0.005），与SH部位相比，SD部位的IL-1β水平具有统计学显著更高水平（<0.0001）。然而，NH和ND部位之间以及SH和SD部位之间的IL-8水平没有显著差异。组间比较显示，与NH部位相比，SH部位的IL-8含量显著更低（<0.01），与ND部位相比，SD部位的IL-8水平显著更低（<0.001）。然而，NH和SH部位以及ND和SD部位之间的IL-1β水平比较没有显著差异。
牙周炎患者的细胞因子水平显著升高。吸烟者的IL-8水平降低，IL-1β水平升高。因此，这反映了吸烟对免疫抑制的影响及其在牙周疾病发病机制中的作用。
