Leenaars Cathalijn H C, Drinkenburg W H Pim, Nolten Christ, Dematteis Maurice, Joosten Ruud N J M A, Feenstra Matthijs G P, De Vries Rob B M
SYRCLE, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, NL.
Department of Animals in Science and Society - Human-Animal Relationship, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, NL.
J Circadian Rhythms. 2019 Jul 3;17:7. doi: 10.5334/jcr.183.
Sleep seems essential to proper functioning of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The role of different neurotransmitters has been studied, mainly the catecholamines and serotonin. Less attention has been paid to the amino acid transmitters and histamine. Here, we focus on the activity of these molecules in the PFC during sleep and sleep deprivation (SD). We determined extracellular concentrations of histamine and 8 amino acids in the medial PFC before, during and after SD. Additionally, we systematically reviewed the literature on studies reporting microdialysis measurements relating to sleep throughout the brain. In our experiment, median concentrations of glutamate were higher during SD than during baseline (p = 0.013) and higher during the dark-active than during the resting phase (p = 0.003). Glutamine was higher during post-SD recovery than during baseline (p = 0.010). For other compounds, no differences were observed between light and dark circadian phase, and between sleep deprivation, recovery and baseline. We retrieved 13 papers reporting on one or more of the molecules of interest during naturally occurring sleep, 2 during sleep deprivation and 2 during both. Only two studies targeted PFC. Histamine was low during sleep, but high during sleep deprivation and wakefulness, irrespective of brain area. Glu (k = 11) and GABA (k = 8) concentrations in different brain areas were reported to peak during sleep or wakefulness or to lack state-dependency. Aspartate, glycine, asparagine and taurine were less often studied (1-2 times), but peaked exclusively during sleep. Sleep deprivation increased glutamate and GABA exclusively in the cortex. Further studies are needed for drawing solid conclusions.
睡眠似乎对前额叶皮质(PFC)的正常功能至关重要。人们已经研究了不同神经递质的作用,主要是儿茶酚胺和血清素。对氨基酸递质和组胺的关注较少。在这里,我们关注这些分子在睡眠和睡眠剥夺(SD)期间在前额叶皮质中的活性。我们测定了睡眠剥夺前后以及期间内侧前额叶皮质中组胺和8种氨基酸的细胞外浓度。此外,我们系统地回顾了有关全脑睡眠相关微透析测量研究的文献。在我们的实验中,谷氨酸的中位浓度在睡眠剥夺期间高于基线期(p = 0.013),在活跃期高于静息期(p = 0.003)。谷氨酰胺在睡眠剥夺后恢复期高于基线期(p = 0.010)。对于其他化合物,在昼夜节律的明暗阶段之间、睡眠剥夺、恢复和基线期之间未观察到差异。我们检索到13篇报告自然睡眠期间一种或多种感兴趣分子的论文,2篇报告睡眠剥夺期间的,2篇报告两者皆有的。只有两项研究针对前额叶皮质。组胺在睡眠期间含量低,但在睡眠剥夺和清醒期间含量高,与脑区无关。据报道,不同脑区的谷氨酸(k = 11)和γ-氨基丁酸(k = 8)浓度在睡眠或清醒期间达到峰值或与状态无关。天冬氨酸、甘氨酸、天冬酰胺和牛磺酸的研究较少(1 - 2次),但仅在睡眠期间达到峰值。睡眠剥夺仅使皮质中的谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸增加。需要进一步研究以得出确凿结论。