Spencer Sarah J, Korosi Aniko, Layé Sophie, Shukitt-Hale Barbara, Barrientos Ruth M
1School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3788 Australia.
2Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1098 XH Netherlands.
NPJ Sci Food. 2017 Dec 6;1:7. doi: 10.1038/s41538-017-0008-y. eCollection 2017.
More than one-third of American adults are obese and statistics are similar worldwide. Caloric intake and diet composition have large and lasting effects on cognition and emotion, especially during critical periods in development, but the neural mechanisms for these effects are not well understood. A clear understanding of the cognitive-emotional processes underpinning desires to over-consume foods can assist more effective prevention and treatments of obesity. This review addresses recent work linking dietary fat intake and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary imbalance with inflammation in developing, adult, and aged brains. Thus, early-life diet and exposure to stress can lead to cognitive dysfunction throughout life and there is potential for early nutritional interventions (e.g., with essential micronutrients) for preventing these deficits. Likewise, acute consumption of a high-fat diet primes the hippocampus to produce a potentiated neuroinflammatory response to a mild immune challenge, causing memory deficits. Low dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can also contribute to depression through its effects on endocannabinoid and inflammatory pathways in specific brain regions leading to synaptic phagocytosis by microglia in the hippocampus, contributing to memory loss. However, encouragingly, consumption of fruits and vegetables high in polyphenolics can prevent and even reverse age-related cognitive deficits by lowering oxidative stress and inflammation. Understanding relationships between diet, cognition, and emotion is necessary to uncover mechanisms involved in and strategies to prevent or attenuate comorbid neurological conditions in obese individuals.
超过三分之一的美国成年人患有肥胖症，全球范围内的统计数据也与此相似。热量摄入和饮食构成对认知和情绪有着巨大而持久的影响，尤其是在发育的关键时期，但这些影响的神经机制尚未得到充分理解。清楚地了解导致过度进食欲望的认知 - 情感过程有助于更有效地预防和治疗肥胖症。这篇综述阐述了近期有关饮食脂肪摄入和ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸饮食失衡与发育中的、成年的及老年的大脑炎症之间联系的研究工作。因此，早年的饮食和应激暴露会导致终生认知功能障碍，并且有可能通过早期营养干预（例如使用必需的微量营养素）来预防这些缺陷。同样，高脂饮食的急性摄入会使海马体对轻度免疫挑战产生增强的神经炎症反应，从而导致记忆缺陷。ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸的低饮食摄入量也可能通过其对特定脑区的内源性大麻素和炎症途径的影响，导致海马体中的小胶质细胞进行突触吞噬作用，进而导致记忆丧失，从而引发抑郁症。然而，令人鼓舞的是，食用富含多酚的水果和蔬菜可以通过降低氧化应激和炎症来预防甚至逆转与年龄相关的认知缺陷。了解饮食、认知和情绪之间的关系对于揭示肥胖个体中并发神经疾病的相关机制以及预防或减轻这些疾病的策略至关重要。
