Efficacy of Essential Oil against the Mosquito Vector and the Gastrointestinal Parasite , with Insights on Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition.

Developing effective and eco-friendly antiparasitic drugs and insecticides is an issue of high importance nowadays. In this study, we evaluated the anthelminthic and insecticidal potential of the leaf essential oil obtained from against the L3 larvae of the parasitic nematode and larvae and adults of the mosquito . Tests on were performed by standard larvicidal and penetration assays, while mosquito toxicity was assessed relying on larvicidal, tarsal contact, and fumigation tests. To shed light on the possible mode of action, we analyzed the oil impact as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. This oil was particularly active on L3 larvae of , showing a LC of 0.087 and 0.067 mg mL after 24 and 48 h treatment, respectively. essential oil was highly effective on both larvae and adults of , showing LC values of 32.4 mg L and 28.1 µg cm, respectively. Its main constituent, carvacrol, achieved larvicidal LC of 29.5 and 39.2 mg L, while contact toxicity assays on adults had an LC of 25.5 and 35.8 µg cm, respectively. In fumigation assays, the LC was 12.1 µL L after 1 h and decreased to 1.3 µL L in 24 h of exposure. Similarly, the fumigation LC of carvacrol was 8.2 µL L after 1 h of exposure, strongly decreasing to 0.8 µL L after 24 h of exposure. These results support the folk usage of Lebanese oregano as an antiparasitic agent, providing new insights about its utilization for developing new effective and eco-friendly nematocidal and insecticidal products.