Sierra-Palmeiro Elena, Bobo-Arce Marta, Pérez-Ferreirós Alexandra, Fernández-Villarino María A
Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.
Department of Especial Teaching, Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
Front Psychol. 2019 Jun 28;10:1496. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01496. eCollection 2019.
The performance evolution in rhythmic gymnastics depends on changes in code of points. At the beginning of each Olympic cycle the code of points changes and therefore, the content of the competition exercises, as well. This study aimed to analyze - for each apparatus - the evolution of number of technical elements and final score over the last two decades (last 13 world championships), how they have been affected by changed code of points, and how the final score relates to the number of technical elements performed. The sample consisted of 416 exercises in five apparatus: ball (96), rope (40), hoop (96), ribbon (88), and clubs (96). The following variables were gathered: code of points, apparatus, technical group, total number of elements, final classification, and final score. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the effects on the number of elements and final score in each apparatus. The number of technical elements increased in all apparatus, between 7.4 and 20% over a 10-year period. There were mixed evolutions of final score between the different apparatus, between -6.3 and 14% over a 10-year period. There is small increase in number of elements in hoop and a small decrease in rope after a code change. There was a small decrease in final score in championships after a code change in hoop, moderate in clubs and ribbon, and large in rope. There was a negative relationship between number of elements performed and final score in clubs. In conclusion, the code change generally effects the final score negatively, but there were apparatus specific effects of code change on number of elements and relationship between number of elements and final score.
艺术体操的表现演变取决于评分规则的变化。在每个奥运周期开始时，评分规则会发生变化，因此，比赛项目的内容也会改变。本研究旨在分析过去二十年（最近13届世界锦标赛）中每个器械的技术动作数量和最终得分的演变情况，它们如何受到评分规则变化的影响，以及最终得分与所完成的技术动作数量之间的关系。样本包括五个器械的416个项目：球操（96个）、绳操（40个）、圈操（96个）、带操（88个）和棒操（96个）。收集了以下变量：评分规则、器械、技术组别、动作总数、最终排名和最终得分。使用线性混合效应模型来检验对每个器械的动作数量和最终得分的影响。在10年期间，所有器械的技术动作数量都有所增加，增幅在7.4%至20%之间。不同器械的最终得分呈现出不同的演变趋势，在10年期间，变化幅度在-6.3%至14%之间。评分规则改变后，圈操的动作数量略有增加，绳操的动作数量略有减少。圈操评分规则改变后，锦标赛中的最终得分略有下降，棒操和带操中下降幅度适中，绳操中下降幅度较大。棒操中所完成的动作数量与最终得分之间存在负相关关系。总之，评分规则的改变通常会对最终得分产生负面影响，但评分规则的改变对动作数量以及动作数量与最终得分之间的关系存在器械特异性影响。
