Stepaniuk R, Shcherbakovskiy M, Kikinchuk V, Lapta S, Guseva V
Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
Georgian Med News. 2019 May(290):157-163.
The purpose of the study is to analyze the effectiveness of using the capabilities of a forensic molecular genetic examination to solve the problems of criminal proceeding in Ukraine. The authors analyze the regulatory acts governing criminal procedure and forensic activities in Ukraine in context of identifying legal problems of using molecular genetic expertise in criminal proceedings. 568 sentences handed down by the courts of Ukraine in 2014-2018 in criminal cases of homicides (250 sentences), robberies (250 sentences) and road traffic accidents (68 sentences), during the investigation of which specified examinations were appointed, as well as 123 conclusions of molecular genetic examinations conducted in 2018. A summary of studied materials in context of solving the problems of establishing DNA profiles by experts, the correctness and completeness of posed questions and the conclusions made by an expert, the value of the results obtained for the defendant to establish whether the defendant was guilty or not guilty, the reasons why the expert task was impossible are conducted. It is established that the effectiveness of the application of the results of molecular genetic expertise in the criminal proceedings of Ukraine can be improved providing that a number of legal, organizational, methodological and procedural problems are solved. the need for legislative regulation of the procedure for the selection of biological samples from various categories of persons and their inclusion in automated databases of DNA profiles; substantial replenishment of these bases; establishment international cooperation of domestic bases with foreign information systems are indicated. Unification is required on a uniform methodological basis and toolkit of a system of expert institutions for carrying out molecular genetic examinations, training of employees of investigative and operational-search units to work at the crime scene with traces of biological origin. Further development and improvement of DNA analysis methods should include the development of new and improvement of existing methods of molecular genetic examination, especially in the study of mixed and micro-amounts of biological traces. It is necessary to develop criteria (standards) for assessing the coincidence of DNA profiles so that not only could experts determine the likelihood of such a coincidence, but also formulate conclusions about identity that are available to the court.
该研究的目的是分析利用法医分子遗传学检验能力解决乌克兰刑事诉讼问题的有效性。作者在确定分子遗传学专业知识在刑事诉讼中使用的法律问题的背景下，分析了乌克兰管辖刑事诉讼和法医活动的规范性文件。研究了乌克兰法院在2014年至2018年期间对杀人刑事案件（250份判决）、抢劫案（250份判决）和道路交通事故案（68份判决）作出的568份判决，在这些案件的调查过程中指定了特定检验，还研究了2018年进行的123份分子遗传学检验结论。对研究材料进行了总结，内容涉及专家建立DNA图谱问题的解决、所提问题的正确性和完整性以及专家得出的结论、所获结果对确定被告有罪与否的价值、专家任务无法完成的原因。结果表明，解决一系列法律、组织、方法和程序问题后，分子遗传学专业知识结果在乌克兰刑事诉讼中的应用有效性可得到提高。指出需要对从各类人员中采集生物样本并将其纳入DNA图谱自动数据库的程序进行立法规范；大幅充实这些数据库；国内数据库与国外信息系统建立国际合作。需要在统一的方法基础和工具包上实现专家机构系统的统一，以便对侦查和行动搜索单位的工作人员进行培训，使其能够在犯罪现场处理生物源痕迹。DNA分析方法的进一步发展和改进应包括开发新的分子遗传学检验方法和改进现有方法，特别是在混合和微量生物痕迹研究方面。有必要制定评估DNA图谱一致性的标准（规范），以便专家不仅能够确定这种一致性的可能性，还能够形成可供法庭使用的关于同一性的结论。
