Phạm Ben, McLeod Sharynne
Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia.
Department of Special Education, Hanoi National University of Education, Viet Nam.
J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2019 Aug 15;62(8):2645-2670. doi: 10.1044/2019_JSLHR-S-17-0405. Epub 2019 Jul 19.
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate children's acquisition of Vietnamese speech sounds. Method Participants were 195 children aged 2;2-5;11 (years;months) living in Northern Viet Nam who spoke Vietnamese as their 1st language. Single-word samples were collected using the Vietnamese Speech Assessment (Phạm, Le, & McLeod, 2016) to measure accuracy of consonants, semivowels, vowels, and tones. Results Percentage of consonants correct for children aged 2;0-2;5 was 46.39 (SD = 7.95) and increased to 93.13 (SD = 6.13) for children aged 5;6-5;11. The most difficult consonants were /ɲ, s, z, x/. Percentage of semivowels correct for children aged 2;0-2;5 was 70.74 (SD = 14.38) and increased to 99.60 (SD = 1.55) for children aged 5;6-5;11. Percentage of vowels correct for children aged 2;0-2;5 was 91.93 (SD = 3.13) and increased to 98.11 (SD = 2.79) for children aged 5;6-5;11. Percentage of tones correct for children aged 2;0-2;5 was 91.05 (SD = 1.42) and increased to 96.65 (SD = 3.42) for children aged 5;6-5;11. Tones 1, 2, 5, and 6 were acquired by the youngest age group, whereas Tone 3 (creaky thanh ngã) and Tone 4 (dipping-rising thanh hỏi) did not achieve 90% accuracy by the oldest age group. Common phonological patterns (> 10%) were fronting, stopping, deaspiration, aspiration, and semivowel deletion for children aged 2;0-3;11 and were fronting and deaspiration for children aged 4;0-5;11. Conclusion This is the 1st comprehensive study of typically developing Northern Vietnamese children's speech acquisition and provides preliminary data to support the emerging speech-language pathology profession in Viet Nam.
目的 本研究旨在调查儿童对越南语音的习得情况。方法 研究对象为195名年龄在2;2至5;11（岁;月）之间、居住在越南北部且以越南语为第一语言的儿童。使用越南语音评估工具（Phạm、Le和McLeod，2016）收集单字样本，以测量辅音、半元音、元音和声调的准确性。结果 2;0至2;5岁儿童的辅音正确率为46.39（标准差 = 7.95），5;6至5;11岁儿童的辅音正确率提高到93.13（标准差 = 6.13）。最难的辅音是/ɲ, s, z, x/。2;0至2;5岁儿童的半元音正确率为70.74（标准差 = 14.38），5;6至5;11岁儿童的半元音正确率提高到99.60（标准差 = 1.55）。2;0至2;5岁儿童的元音正确率为91.93（标准差 = 3.13），5;6至5;11岁儿童的元音正确率提高到98.11（标准差 = 2.79）。2;0至2;5岁儿童的声调正确率为91.05（标准差 = 1.42），5;6至5;11岁儿童的声调正确率提高到96.65（标准差 = 3.42）。声调1、2、5和6在最小年龄组就已习得，而声调3（紧喉音 thanh ngã）和声4（升降调 thanh hỏi）在最大年龄组的正确率未达到90%。2;0至3;11岁儿童常见的语音模式（> 10%）包括前移、塞音化、去送气、送气和半元音缺失，4;0至5;11岁儿童常见的语音模式是前移和去送气。结论 这是第一项关于发育正常的越南北部儿童语音习得的综合性研究，为支持越南新兴的言语语言病理学专业提供了初步数据。
