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使用高效磺化衍生茶渣-多相催化剂单锅合成生物柴油

Single-Pot Synthesis of Biodiesel using Efficient Sulfonated-Derived Tea Waste-Heterogeneous Catalyst.

作者信息

Rashid Umer, Ahmad Junaid, Ibrahim Mohd Lokman, Nisar Jan, Hanif Muhammad Asif, Shean Thomas Yaw Choong

机构信息

Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.

Chemical Engineering Department, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates.

出版信息

Materials (Basel). 2019 Jul 18;12(14):2293. doi: 10.3390/ma12142293.

DOI:10.3390/ma12142293
PMID:31323732
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6678581/
Abstract

The main purpose of this manuscript is to report the new usage of tea waste (TW) as a catalyst for efficient conversion of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) to biodiesel. In this work, we investigate the potential of tea waste char as a catalyst for biodiesel production before and after sulfonation. The activated sulfonated tea waste char catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), elemental composition (CHNS), nitrogen adsorption-desorption using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and ammonia-temperature-programmed desorption (NH-TPD). The activated tea waste char catalyst shows higher acid density of 31 μmol g as compared to tea waste char of 16 μmol g and higher surface area of 122 m/g. The optimum fatty acid conversion conditions were found that 4 wt % of catalyst loading with 9:1 of methanol:PFAD for 90 min of reaction time at 65 °C gives 97% free fatty acid (FFA) conversion. In conclusion, the sulfonated tea waste (STW) catalyst showed an impressive catalytic activity towards the esterification of PFAD at optimum reaction conditions with significant recyclability in five successive cycles without any reactivation step.

摘要

本手稿的主要目的是报告茶渣（TW）作为一种催化剂的新用途，该催化剂可将棕榈脂肪酸馏出物（PFAD）高效转化为生物柴油。在这项工作中，我们研究了磺化前后茶渣炭作为生物柴油生产催化剂的潜力。使用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、热重分析（TGA）、X射线衍射（XRD）、元素组成（CHNS）、采用布鲁诺尔-埃米特-泰勒（BET）法的氮吸附-脱附以及氨程序升温脱附（NH-TPD）对活化的磺化茶渣炭催化剂进行了表征。与酸密度为16 μmol/g的茶渣炭相比，活化的茶渣炭催化剂显示出更高的酸密度，为31 μmol/g，且具有更高的比表面积，为122 m²/g。发现最佳脂肪酸转化条件为：催化剂负载量为4 wt%，甲醇与PFAD的比例为9:1，在65°C下反应90分钟，游离脂肪酸（FFA）转化率可达97%。总之，磺化茶渣（STW）催化剂在最佳反应条件下对PFAD的酯化反应表现出令人印象深刻的催化活性，并且在五个连续循环中具有显著的可回收性，无需任何再活化步骤。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/d0766d6ab3ea/materials-12-02293-g009.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/f6e0fb9b3929/materials-12-02293-sch001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/ea9b47b22b3b/materials-12-02293-g001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/e07a3dcf6a23/materials-12-02293-g002.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/33c74fea124d/materials-12-02293-g003.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/a5f75b588ff2/materials-12-02293-g004.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/a801795fb7c6/materials-12-02293-g005.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/9da8e8ef5915/materials-12-02293-g006.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/52e2037e6a53/materials-12-02293-g007.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/e44478732673/materials-12-02293-g008.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/d0766d6ab3ea/materials-12-02293-g009.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/f6e0fb9b3929/materials-12-02293-sch001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/ea9b47b22b3b/materials-12-02293-g001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/e07a3dcf6a23/materials-12-02293-g002.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/33c74fea124d/materials-12-02293-g003.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/a5f75b588ff2/materials-12-02293-g004.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/a801795fb7c6/materials-12-02293-g005.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/9da8e8ef5915/materials-12-02293-g006.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/52e2037e6a53/materials-12-02293-g007.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/e44478732673/materials-12-02293-g008.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d290/6678581/d0766d6ab3ea/materials-12-02293-g009.jpg

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