Fetal neurology: Principles and practice with a life-course perspective.

Clinical service, educational, and research components of a fetal/neonatal neurology program are anchored by the disciplines of developmental origins of health and disease and life-course science as programmatic principles. Prenatal participation provides perspectives on maternal, fetal, and placental contributions to health or disease for fetal and subsequent neonatal neurology consultations. This program also provides an early-life diagnostic perspective for neurologic specialties concerned with brain health and disease throughout childhood and adulthood. Animal models and birth cohort studies have demonstrated how the science of epigenetics helps to understand gene-environment interactions to better predict brain health or disease. Fetal neurology consultations provide important diagnostic contributions during critical or sensitive periods of brain development when future neurotherapeutic interventions will maximize adaptive neuroplasticity. Age-specific normative neuroinformatics databases that employ computer-based strategies to integrate clinical/demographic, neuroimaging, neurophysiologic, and genetic datasets will more accurately identify either symptomatic patients or those at risk for brain disorders who would benefit from preventive, rescue, or reparative treatment choices throughout the life span.