Division of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100, Lund, Sweden; Sustainability Graduate Program, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities of University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Division of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100, Lund, Sweden; Department of Civil Engineering Science, School of Civil Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Kingsway Campus, PO Box 524, Aukland Park, 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa; Civil Engineering Research Group, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, The University of Salford, Newton Building, Peel Park Campus, Salford, M5 4WT, UK.
J Environ Manage. 2019 Oct 15;248:109268. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109268. Epub 2019 Jul 17.
The aim of this paper is to provide guidance in selecting phosphorus recovery options within the municipal wastewater treatment sector regarding developing countries. This critical review includes a brief contextualization of the resource-oriented sanitation paradigm, the discussion of processes for phosphorus recovery based on methods at full-scale, pilot-scale and laboratory-scale, and a concise discussion of the environmental impacts and benefits associated with phosphorus recovery strategies. Finally, the main challenges related to the implementation of resource recovery strategies, especially for phosphorous, were identified and discussed. According to the results, some of the main drivers for phosphorus recovery are the limited availability of phosphorus, increasing cost of phosphate fertilizers and reduction of maintenance costs. Currently, most of the operational processes are based on crystallization or precipitation from the digester supernatant. Struvite is the most common recovered product. The recovery rate of phosphorus from the liquid phase is lower (10-60% from wastewater treatment plant influent), than from sludge (35-70%) and from sludge ashes (70-98%). Phosphorus recovery remains challenging, and some barriers identified were the integration between stakeholders and institutions, public policies and regulations as well as public acceptance and economic feasibility. In developing countries, the implementation of nutrient recovery systems is challenging, because the main concern is on the expansion of sanitation coverage. Resource recovery approaches can provide benefits beyond the wastewater treatment sector, not only improving the sustainability of wastewater treatment operations, but generating revenue for the utility provider.
本文旨在为发展中国家的城市污水处理部门选择磷回收方案提供指导。本综述简要介绍了资源导向型卫生范式的背景，讨论了基于全规模、中试规模和实验室规模方法的磷回收工艺，以及与磷回收策略相关的环境影响和效益的简要讨论。最后，确定并讨论了与资源回收策略（特别是磷）实施相关的主要挑战。根据研究结果，磷回收的主要驱动力包括磷的有限可用性、磷酸盐肥料成本的增加以及维护成本的降低。目前，大多数操作过程都是基于消化液上清液的结晶或沉淀。回收的最常见产品是鸟粪石。从液相中回收磷的回收率较低（从污水处理厂进水到 10-60%），低于从污泥（35-70%）和从污泥灰分（70-98%）中回收。磷回收仍然具有挑战性，一些已确定的障碍包括利益相关者和机构、公共政策和法规以及公众接受度和经济可行性之间的整合。在发展中国家，由于主要关注的是扩大卫生设施的覆盖范围，因此实施养分回收系统具有挑战性。资源回收方法不仅可以改善污水处理作业的可持续性，还可以为服务提供商带来收益，从而为污水处理部门以外的领域带来效益。
