Spatio-temporal variations of shallow and deep well groundwater nitrate concentrations along the Indus River floodplain aquifer in Pakistan.

Excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers and their improper management in agriculture causes nitrate contamination of surface and groundwater resources. This study was conducted along the seasonally flooded alluvial agricultural area of Indus River Basin to determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of nitrate concentrations in the groundwater along the river. Total of 112 samples were collected from shallow (30-40 ft) and deep groundwater (120-150 ft) wells at seven sites, 25 km apart from each other and covered an area of 170 km along the river, during four sampling campaigns between October 2016 to May 2017 i.e. in start, mid and end of dry season. The study period covered the whole agricultural cycle including the wet summer season with no agricultural activities under flooding and the sampling sites were always less than 2 km from the river bank. Nitrate concentrations of shallow wells were 15-54 and 20-45 mg L during the start and middle of dry season, respectively. However, at the end of the dry season, the highest nitrate concentrations of 35-75 mg L were recorded and 70% of these samples contained nitrate concentrations above the permissible limit 50 mg L. Similar seasonal patterns of nitrate concentrations were observed in deep wells, however, δO data suggested lower recharge in deep well than shallow wells. The results illustrated that high nitrate concentrations in shallow wells were associated with high δO values indicating that the quantity of evaporated water infiltrated from the floodplain, possibly from distribution channels, along with the nitrate polluting shallow wells more than the deep wells. At the end of the dry season, nitrate concentrations exceeded the permissible limits in both shallow and deep wells, which possibly happened due to the horizontal movement of groundwater along with the nitrate mixing during vertical seepage of river water to the aquifers.