Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy.
Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jul 20;20(14):3551. doi: 10.3390/ijms20143551.
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects supporting tissues around teeth, resulting in periodontal tissue breakdown. If left untreated, periodontal disease could have serious consequences; this condition is in fact considered as the primary cause of tooth loss. Being highly prevalent among adults, periodontal disease treatment is receiving increased attention from researchers and clinicians. When this condition occurs around dental implants, the disease is termed peri-implantitis. Periodontal regeneration aims at restoring the destroyed attachment apparatus, in order to improve tooth stability and thus reduce disease progression and subsequent periodontal tissue breakdown. Although many biomaterials have been developed to promote periodontal regeneration, they still have their own set of disadvantages. As a result, regenerative medicine has been employed in the periodontal field, not only to overcome the drawbacks of the conventional biomaterials but also to ensure more predictable regenerative outcomes with minimal complications. Regenerative medicine is considered a part of the research field called tissue engineering/regenerative medicine (TE/RM), a translational field combining cell therapy, biomaterial, biomedical engineering and genetics all with the aim to replace and restore tissues or organs to their normal function using in vitro models for in vivo regeneration. In a tissue, cells are responding to different micro-environmental cues and signaling molecules, these biological factors influence cell differentiation, migration and cell responses. A central part of TE/RM therapy is introducing drugs, genetic materials or proteins to induce specific cellular responses in the cells at the site of tissue repair in order to enhance and improve tissue regeneration. In this review, we present the state of art of gene therapy in the applications of periodontal tissue and peri-implant regeneration.
We aim herein to review the currently available methods for gene therapy, which include the utilization of viral/non-viral vectors and how they might serve as therapeutic potentials in regenerative medicine for periodontal and peri-implant tissues.
牙周病是一种慢性炎症性疾病，影响牙齿周围的支持组织，导致牙周组织破坏。如果不进行治疗，牙周病可能会产生严重后果；事实上，这种疾病被认为是牙齿脱落的主要原因。牙周病在成年人中发病率很高，因此受到研究人员和临床医生的越来越多的关注。当这种疾病发生在牙种植体周围时，就称为种植体周围炎。牙周再生旨在恢复被破坏的附着装置，以提高牙齿的稳定性，从而减少疾病的进展和随后的牙周组织破坏。尽管已经开发出许多生物材料来促进牙周再生，但它们仍然存在自身的一系列缺点。因此，再生医学已应用于牙周领域，不仅可以克服传统生物材料的缺点，还可以确保更具预测性的再生结果和最小的并发症。再生医学被认为是组织工程/再生医学（TE/RM）研究领域的一部分，该领域是一个结合细胞疗法、生物材料、生物医学工程和遗传学的转化领域，旨在通过体外模型进行体内再生，用替代和恢复组织或器官的正常功能。在组织中，细胞对不同的微环境线索和信号分子做出反应，这些生物因素影响细胞分化、迁移和细胞反应。TE/RM 治疗的一个核心部分是引入药物、遗传物质或蛋白质，以在组织修复部位的细胞中诱导特定的细胞反应，从而增强和改善组织再生。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了基因治疗在牙周组织和种植体周围再生应用中的最新进展。
我们旨在回顾目前可用于基因治疗的方法，包括病毒/非病毒载体的利用，以及它们如何作为再生医学中牙周和种植体周围组织的治疗潜力。
