Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; email:
Current affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2019 Aug 25;57:411-430. doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100139. Epub 2019 Jul 23.
Smut fungi are a large group of biotrophic plant pathogens that infect mostly monocot species, including economically relevant cereal crops. For years, has stood out as the model system to study the genetics and cell biology of smut fungi as well as the pathogenic development of biotrophic plant pathogens. The identification and functional characterization of secreted effectors and their role in virulence have particularly been driven forward using the -maize pathosystem. Today, advancing tools for additional smut fungi such as and , as well as an increasing number of available genome sequences, provide excellent opportunities to investigate in parallel the effector function and evolution associated with different lifestyles and host specificities. In addition, genome analyses revealed similarities in the genomic signature between pathogenic smuts and epiphytic species. This review elaborates on how knowledge about fungal lifestyles, genome biology, and functional effector biology has helped in understanding the biology of this important group of fungal pathogens. We highlight the contribution of the model system but also discuss the differences from other smut fungi, which raises the importance of comparative genomic and genetic analyses in future research.
黑粉菌是一大类生物营养型植物病原菌，主要感染单子叶植物物种，包括具有经济重要性的谷类作物。多年来，一直是研究黑粉菌遗传学和细胞生物学以及生物营养型植物病原菌致病发展的模式系统。利用 -玉米 病理系统，特别推动了分泌效应子的鉴定和功能表征及其在毒力中的作用。如今，更多黑粉菌（如 和 ）的先进工具以及越来越多可用的基因组序列，为并行研究不同生活方式和宿主特异性相关的效应子功能和进化提供了极好的机会。此外，基因组分析揭示了致病性黑粉菌和附生 物种之间在基因组特征上的相似性。这篇综述详细阐述了关于真菌生活方式、基因组生物学和功能效应子生物学的知识如何帮助我们理解这组重要的真菌病原体的生物学。我们强调了 模型系统的贡献，但也讨论了与其他黑粉菌的差异，这凸显了在未来研究中进行比较基因组学和遗传学分析的重要性。
