Mannosylated graphene oxide as macrophage-targeted delivery system for enhanced intracellular M.tuberculosis killing efficiency.

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by M.tuberculosis (Mtb), has become a top killer among infectious diseases. Enhancing the ability of anti-TB drugs to kill intracellular Mtb in host cells remains a big challenge. Here, an innovative nano-system was developed to increase drug delivery and Mtb-killing efficacy in Mtb-infected macrophages. We employed mannose surface decoration to develop mannosylated and PEGylated graphene oxide (GO-PEG-MAN). Such nano-platform exhibited increased uptake by macrophages via mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis in vitro. Interestingly, drug-loaded GO-PEG-MAN was preferentially up-taken by mannose receptor-expressing mucosal CD14 macrophages isolated from Mtb-infected rhesus macaques than drug-loaded GO-PEG. Consistently, the drug concentration was also significantly higher in macrophages than that in T and B cells expressing no or low mannose receptor, implicating a useful macrophage/mannose receptor-targeted drug-delivery system relevant to the in vivo settings. Concurrently, rifampicin-loaded GO-PEG-MAN (Rif@GO-PEG-MAN) significantly increased rifampicin uptake, inducing long-lasting higher concentration of rifampicin in macrophages. Such innovative Rif@GO-PEG-MAN could readily get into the lysosomes of the Mtb host cells, where rifampicin underwent an accelerated release in acidic lysosomic condition, leading to explosive rifampicin release after cell entry for more effective killing of intracellular Mtb. Most importantly, Rif@GO-PEG-MAN-enhanced intracellular rifampicin delivery and pharmacokinetics significantly increased the efficacy of rifampicin-driven killing of intracellular BCG and Mtb bacilli in infected macrophages both in vitro and ex vivo. Such innovative nanocarrier approach may potentially enhance anti-TB drug efficacy and reduce drug side effects.