Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain.
Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Ciber de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
Environ Int. 2019 Oct;131:104997. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104997. Epub 2019 Jul 27.
Levels of dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites were measured in hair and urine of children that lived close to intensively farmed areas of Almeria (Southeast Spain). The levels were used as proxies for exposure of these children to organophosphate pesticides (OPs). Determinants of exposure to DAPs were also examined. Urine and hair samples were collected from 222 children aged 3-11 years and information on lifestyle and dietary habits was collected from questionnaires administered to mothers. Urinary DAPs were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid-chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole tandem mass-spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) and hair DAPs by gas-chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Detection rates ranged from 21.8% for diethylphosphate (DEP) and diethylthiophosphate (DETP) to 35.9% for dimethylphosphate (DMP) in urine; and from 42.3% for DETP to 92.8% for DMP in hair. Diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP) was detected in 0.5% of urine samples (one child), and in 26.6% of children's hair samples. A lack of correlation was observed for individual DAP metabolites and ΣDAPs between urine and hair samples, except for DEDTP. Urinary DAP levels of our child population were lower than those reported for children from other countries, including NHANES 1999-2000 data. The main determinants of hair DAP levels were age, sex, vegetable intake, parental exposure to pesticides at work, time spent playing indoors, monthly income and father's education level. Conversely, none of the predictors studied was significantly associated with urinary DAPs except age. Overall, hair has advantages over urine as it is easier to collect, handle and store, and allows for assessment of cumulative exposure to OPs, thus providing a greater insight for human biomonitoring.
我们检测了居住在阿尔梅里亚（西班牙东南部）集约化农业区附近的儿童的毛发和尿液中的二烷基磷酸酯（DAP）代谢物水平，将其作为这些儿童接触有机磷农药（OPs）的指标。同时还研究了 DAP 暴露的决定因素。我们收集了 222 名 3-11 岁儿童的尿液和毛发样本，并通过问卷调查收集了母亲提供的关于生活方式和饮食习惯的信息。利用超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱（UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS）分析尿液中的 DAP，用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析毛发中的 DAP。在尿液中，检测到的 DAP 包括 21.8%的二乙基磷酸酯（DEP）和二乙基硫代磷酸酯（DETP），35.9%的二甲基磷酸酯（DMP）；在毛发中，检测到的 DAP 包括 42.3%的 DETP 和 92.8%的 DMP。尿液中只有一个儿童样本（0.5%）和 26.6%的儿童毛发样本中检测到二乙二硫代磷酸酯（DEDTP）。尿液和毛发样本中的个别 DAP 代谢物和 ΣDAP 之间没有相关性，除了 DEDTP。与其他国家的儿童相比，我们研究人群的尿液 DAP 水平较低，包括 1999-2000 年 NHANES 数据。毛发 DAP 水平的主要决定因素是年龄、性别、蔬菜摄入量、父母在工作中接触农药、室内玩耍时间、月收入和父亲的教育程度。相反，除了年龄之外，没有一个研究预测因子与尿液 DAP 显著相关。总的来说，毛发比尿液更有优势，因为它更容易收集、处理和储存，可以评估对 OPs 的累积暴露，从而为人体生物监测提供更深入的了解。
