Oral health disparities: Racial, language and nativity effects.

This study examined racial oral health disparities among Non-Hispanic Whites, Non-Hispanic Blacks, and Hispanics. For Hispanics, this study also examined the role of language in oral health disparities between English-speaking Hispanics and Spanish-speaking Hispanics. This study included 12, 307 adults older than 20 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2016. Oral health is measured by self-rated oral health, the frequencies of dentist visits, and the number of missed teeth. Exposures of interest referred to social gradients, which include education, annual family income, foreign born, and citizenship. Covariates included age, gender, and marital status. Ordinal logistic regression models were used to estimates the effects of social gradients on self-rated oral health and dentist visits. Negative binomial regression model was applied to estimate the effects of social gradients on the number of missed teeth. Overall, Spanish-speaking Hispanics presented the most disadvantaged social gradients and the worst oral health results. Non-Hispanic Blacks and English-speaking Hispanics reported disadvantaged oral health status when compared to Non-Hispanic Whites. Foreign-born, higher education levels and annual family income play protective role on oral health outcomes, while respondents who do not have citizenship are at higher risk of self-rated fair/poor oral health and dentist visits.