Lipases: sources, immobilization methods, and industrial applications.

Enzymes are natural catalysts highly specific to the substrate type and operate under mild conditions of temperature, pressure, and pH with high conversion rates, which makes them more efficient than conventional chemical catalysts. The enzymes can be obtained from various sources, animal, vegetable, and microbiological. Lipases are very versatile enzymes, and this has aroused the interest of the industries. However, the great problem of the use of soluble lipases is the high cost of acquisition, low operational stability, and difficulties of recovery, and reuse. Enzymatic immobilization has been suggested as an alternative to reduce the limitations of soluble enzymes, increasing their stability and facilitating recovery, and reuse, significantly reducing the cost of processes involving the use of enzymes. This review presents a discussion on the different immobilization methods for lipase, as well as the challenges of use lipases immobilized on the industrial scale.