Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130024, China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Sep;26(27):28384-28400. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-06060-7. Epub 2019 Aug 2.
With increasing population growth and resource depletion, ecological health is a hotspot and urgent topic. Our study investigated the occurrence and distribution of five antibiotics, i.e., metronidazole (MET), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), ciprofloxacin (CFX), norfloxacin (NFX), and enrofloxacin (EFX), in the surface water from Erlong Lake, China. With the seasonal and spatial variations of antibiotics, this study developed an interdisciplinary approach for the ecological risk of antibiotics considering the natural, human, and socioeconomic elements of watershed based on the risk theory of natural disaster. This approach integrates the geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis tool, natural disaster theory, "driving force"-"pressure"-"state"-"impact"-"response" (DPSIR) model, and ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operators in terms of various environmental factors, representing a new ecological risk paradigm for environmental managers or decision-makers to identify environmental change. A total of 69 samples were collected in wet, dry, and normal seasons from 2017 to 2018, and laboratory analyses revealed that four antibiotics (MET, SMZ, CFX, and NFX) were widely detected in the lake. The mean concentrations decreased in the order of MET (1041.7 ng L) > SMZ (771.4 ng L) > CFX (646.4 ng L) > NFX (179.0 ng L) > EFX (15.3 ng L), with their levels in natural surface waters higher than those in other studies. Antibiotic concentrations were higher in dry seasons than in other seasons, and the concentrations were strongly correlated with EC (electrical conductivity), pH, DOC (dissolved organic carbon), and TP (total phosphorus) according to redundancy analysis (RDA). Significant seasonal variations were found in CFX and EFX (ANOVA, p < 0.001). For the whole watershed, the ecological extremely and heavily vulnerable levels were concentrated in the central and northwest regions of the watershed, i.e., Changling county and Lishu county. Hence, the ecological distributions of extreme risk and heavy risk posed by the five selected antibiotics were assessed by using the mixture hazard quotient methods and DPSIR model which were also located in these counties in different seasons. The antibiotic results of ecosystem risk assessment can support decision-makers in identifying and prioritizing the necessary taking of specific measures and different risk attitudes to preserve the quality of ecological health for a city or multiple counties.
随着人口增长和资源枯竭，生态健康成为热点和紧迫的议题。本研究调查了中国二龙湖表层水中五种抗生素（甲硝唑、磺胺甲恶唑、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星和恩诺沙星）的发生和分布情况。考虑到流域的自然、人为和社会经济要素，本研究基于自然灾害风险理论，采用跨学科方法研究抗生素的生态风险。该方法整合了地理信息系统（GIS）空间分析工具、自然灾害理论、“驱动力”-“压力”-“状态”-“影响”-“响应”（DPSIR）模型和有序加权平均（OWA）算子，以各种环境因素为代表，为环境管理者或决策者提供了一种新的生态风险范式，用于识别环境变化。2017 年至 2018 年，在湿季、干季和正常季共采集了 69 个样本，实验室分析表明，湖中广泛存在四种抗生素（甲硝唑、磺胺甲恶唑、环丙沙星和诺氟沙星）。浓度均值顺序为：甲硝唑（1041.7ng/L）>磺胺甲恶唑（771.4ng/L）>环丙沙星（646.4ng/L）>诺氟沙星（179.0ng/L）>恩诺沙星（15.3ng/L），自然地表水中的浓度高于其他研究。干季抗生素浓度高于其他季节，冗余分析（RDA）表明，抗生素浓度与电导率（EC）、pH 值、溶解性有机碳（DOC）和总磷（TP）呈显著相关。环丙沙星和恩诺沙星存在显著的季节性差异（方差分析，p<0.001）。整个流域，生态极脆弱和高度脆弱区集中在流域中部和西北部，即长岭县和梨树县。因此，采用混合危害商数法和 DPSIR 模型对所选五种抗生素在不同季节的极端风险和高风险生态分布进行了评估。生态系统风险评估的抗生素结果可以为决策者提供支持，帮助其识别和优先采取必要措施，并采取不同的风险态度，以维护城市或多个县的生态健康质量。
