Centro de Investigação e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001- 801, Vila Real, Portugal.
Centro de Química de Vila Real (CQ-VR), Universidade de Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001- 801, Vila Real, Portugal.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019 Nov 15;183:109493. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109493. Epub 2019 Jul 31.
Vinasses obtained from the distillation of winemaking by-products (WDV) are complex effluents with variable physicochemical properties. Frequently, WDVs are used to irrigate agricultural soil, and/or discharged into aquatic bodies, which may result in serious environmental pollution, due to the presence of organic acids and recalcitrant compounds (polyphenols, tannins and metals). The present study aimed to evaluate the toxicity impact of an untreated WDV on terrestrial and aquatic organisms, at different levels of biological organization. The effluent was collected at the distillation column exit and characterized according to several physicochemical properties. The WDV potential phytotoxicity was assessed by germination inhibition assays on six agricultural crops, and its acute toxicity was assessed on Aliivibrio fisheri (microtox assay), Daphnia magna neonates (freshwater crustacean), and zebrafish Danio rerio (fish embryo toxicity test, FET). The WDV presented a low pH (3.88), high levels of electrical conductivity, ECond (6.36 dS m) and salinity (3.3 ppt), besides high level of potassium (2.1 g L) and organic compounds (TOC = 17.7 g L), namely polyphenols (1.7 g L). The diluted WDV displayed variable inhibitory effects on the plant endpoints (percentage of inhibition of germination and radicle elongation and germination index). Overall, plants' susceptibility to increasing concentrations of WDV were differential (onion ≈ garden cress ≥ tomato > lettuce > maize > green beans) and the germination index EC varied from 10.9 to 64.4% v/v. Also, the acute negative effects toward aquatic organisms were determined, decreasing from the more complex organism to the simpler one: zebrafish embryos (96 h-LC = 0.34% v/v)>D. magna (48 h-LC = 4.8% v/v)>A. fisheri (30min-EC = 7.0% v/v). In conclusion, the findings suggest that WDVs might have a high toxicological impact on both terrestrial plants and aquatic organisms, even at high dilution levels, reinforcing the need for appropriate treatments before considering its discharge or reuse.
葡萄渣是从葡萄酒酿造副产物（WDV）蒸馏中获得的复杂废水，具有可变的物理化学性质。WDV 经常用于灌溉农业土壤，和/或排放到水生生物中，由于存在有机酸和难降解化合物（多酚、单宁和金属），可能会导致严重的环境污染。本研究旨在评估未经处理的 WDV 在不同生物组织水平上对陆地和水生生物的毒性影响。在蒸馏柱出口处收集废水，并根据几种物理化学性质对其进行了表征。通过对 6 种农作物的发芽抑制试验评估了废水的潜在植物毒性，并用发光细菌（Aliivibrio fisheri）急性毒性试验（微毒试验）、大型溞（Daphnia magna）幼体（淡水甲壳类动物）和斑马鱼（Danio rerio）胚胎毒性试验（FET）评估了废水的急性毒性。WDV 的 pH 值（3.88）较低，电导率（6.36 dS m）和盐度（3.3 ppt）较高，此外，钾（2.1 g L）和有机化合物（TOC = 17.7 g L）含量也很高，包括多酚（1.7 g L）。稀释后的 WDV 对植物终点（发芽和根伸长抑制率以及发芽指数）表现出不同的抑制作用。总体而言，植物对 WDV 浓度增加的敏感性不同（洋葱≈荠菜≥番茄＞生菜＞玉米＞绿豆），发芽指数 EC 从 10.9%到 64.4%（v/v）不等。此外，还确定了对水生生物的急性负面影响，从更复杂的生物体到更简单的生物体依次降低：斑马鱼胚胎（96 h-LC = 0.34%（v/v））>大型溞（48 h-LC = 4.8%（v/v））>发光细菌（30min-EC = 7.0%（v/v））。综上所述，研究结果表明，即使在高稀释水平下，WDV 对陆地植物和水生生物都可能具有很高的毒理学影响，这就需要在考虑排放或再利用之前进行适当的处理。
