Song Yanlong, Lu Siyuan, Smiley-Oyen Ann L
Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2020 Feb;73(2):249-259. doi: 10.1177/1747021819871173. Epub 2019 Aug 17.
Visuomotor adaptation involves multiple processes such as explicit learning, implicit learning from sensory prediction errors, and model-free mechanisms like use-dependent plasticity. Recent findings show that reward and punishment differently affect visuomotor adaptation. This study examined whether punishment and reward had distinct effects on explicit learning. When participants practised adapting to a large, abrupt visual rotation during reaching for a virtual visual target, visual feedback of the cursor was not provided. Only performance-based scalar reward or punishment feedback (money gained or lost) was used, thereby emphasising explicit processes during adaptation. The results revealed that punishment, compared with reward, induced faster adaptation and greater variability of reaching in the initial phase of adaptation. We interpret these findings as reflecting enhanced explicit learning, likely due to loss aversion.
视觉运动适应涉及多个过程，如显性学习、从感官预测误差中进行隐性学习以及无模型机制（如使用依赖可塑性）。最近的研究结果表明，奖励和惩罚对视觉运动适应的影响不同。本研究考察了惩罚和奖励对显性学习是否有不同的影响。当参与者在伸手去够虚拟视觉目标时练习适应大幅度、突然的视觉旋转时，未提供光标的视觉反馈。仅使用基于表现的标量奖励或惩罚反馈（获得或损失的金钱），从而在适应过程中强调显性过程。结果显示，与奖励相比，惩罚在适应的初始阶段诱导更快的适应和更大的伸手变异性。我们将这些发现解释为反映了显性学习的增强，可能是由于损失厌恶。
