School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Sobell Department for Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
Nat Neurosci. 2015 Apr;18(4):597-602. doi: 10.1038/nn.3956. Epub 2015 Feb 23.
A common assumption regarding error-based motor learning (motor adaptation) in humans is that its underlying mechanism is automatic and insensitive to reward- or punishment-based feedback. Contrary to this hypothesis, we show in a double dissociation that the two have independent effects on the learning and retention components of motor adaptation. Negative feedback, whether graded or binary, accelerated learning. While it was not necessary for the negative feedback to be coupled to monetary loss, it had to be clearly related to the actual performance on the preceding movement. Positive feedback did not speed up learning, but it increased retention of the motor memory when performance feedback was withdrawn. These findings reinforce the view that independent mechanisms underpin learning and retention in motor adaptation, reject the assumption that motor adaptation is independent of motivational feedback, and raise new questions regarding the neural basis of negative and positive motivational feedback in motor learning.
关于人类基于错误的运动学习（运动适应）的一个常见假设是，其潜在机制是自动的，并且不受基于奖励或惩罚的反馈的影响。与这一假设相反，我们在双重分离中表明，这两者对运动适应的学习和保持成分有独立的影响。负反馈，无论是分级的还是二元的，都可以加速学习。虽然负反馈不必与货币损失相关联，但它必须与前一个运动的实际表现明显相关。正反馈不会加快学习，但在撤回运动反馈时会增加运动记忆的保持。这些发现加强了这样一种观点，即运动适应的学习和保持有独立的机制，否定了运动适应独立于动机反馈的假设，并对运动学习中负和正动机反馈的神经基础提出了新的问题。
