Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
Center for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Přílepská 1920, 252 63, Roztoky u Prahy, Czech Republic.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Oct;26(28):29012-29019. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-06144-4. Epub 2019 Aug 6.
The use of alternative fuels or biofuel blends could be a way to reduce the environmental burden of increasing traffic. The aim of this study was to compare emissions from conventional fuels and alternative biofuels for diesel and spark-ignition engines under comparable conditions, i.e., using the World Harmonized Transient Cycle for a heavy-duty diesel engine and the Artemis CADC driving cycle for automobiles powered by gasoline and alternative fuels. Total contents of Ba, Ce, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn were determined in emissions, fuels, and lubricating oils. In addition, the bioaccessibility of metals in emissions was also assessed by extraction in water and in simulated lung fluid (Gamble's solution). Total particulate mass emissions, expressed per kilogram of fuel, and total contents of metals were higher for the diesel engine than for spark-ignition engines. The highest metal contents in emissions from diesel and gasoline fuels were found for Fe, Zn, and Cu. Fe and Cu in emissions from diesel and spark-ignition engines declined with the addition of bio-components in fuels. However, there was no significant decrease in the contents of other metals in emissions from biofuels. The highest degrees of bioaccessibility were observed for Ba, Zn, Cd, and V in emissions from diesel and biodiesel (according to their solubility in water). On the basis of this study, the use of biodiesel (especially methylesters of rapeseed oil) can be recommended to reduce the total mass of particulate and metal emissions from diesel engines.
替代燃料或生物燃料混合物的使用可能是减少交通量增加所带来的环境负担的一种方法。本研究的目的是在可比条件下比较柴油机和火花点火发动机用常规燃料和替代生物燃料的排放，即使用重型柴油机的世界协调瞬态循环和用于汽油和替代燃料汽车的 Artemis CADC 驾驶循环。在排放物、燃料和润滑油中测定了 Ba、Ce、Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb、V 和 Zn 的总量。此外，还通过水和模拟肺液（Gamble 溶液）萃取评估了排放物中金属的生物可利用性。与火花点火发动机相比，柴油机的每公斤燃料总颗粒物排放量和金属总含量更高。柴油机和汽油燃料排放物中的 Fe、Zn 和 Cu 含量最高。随着燃料中生物成分的添加，柴油机和火花点火发动机排放物中的 Fe 和 Cu 减少。然而，生物燃料排放物中其他金属的含量并没有显著下降。柴油机和生物柴油（根据其在水中的溶解度）排放物中 Ba、Zn、Cd 和 V 的生物可利用度最高。基于这项研究，可以推荐使用生物柴油（特别是菜籽油甲酯）来减少柴油机的总颗粒物和金属排放量。
