Splicing the Clock to Maintain and Entrain Circadian Rhythms.

Circadian clocks drive daily rhythms of physiology and behavior in multiple organisms and synchronize these rhythms to environmental cycles of light and temperature. The basic mechanism of the clock consists of a transcription-translation feedback loop, in which key clock proteins negatively regulate their own transcription. Although much of the focus with respect to clock mechanisms has been on the regulation of transcription and on the stability and activity of clock proteins, it is clear that other regulatory processes also have to be involved to explain aspects of clock function. Here, we review the role of alternative splicing in circadian clocks. Starting with a discussion of the clock and then extending to other major circadian model systems, we describe how the control of alternative splicing enables organisms to maintain their circadian clocks as well as to respond to environmental inputs, in particular to temperature changes.